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Union between Sweden and Norway
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estates predominated, while the cultivated middle class was practically unrepresented, had become an insuperable obstacle to all free development; but though the Riksdag of 1840 itself raised the question, the king and the aristocracy refused to entertain it. Yet the reign of Charles XIV was, on the whole, most beneficial to Sweden; and if there was much just cause for complaint, his great services to his adopted country were generally acknowledged. Abroad he maintained a policy of peace based mainly on a good understanding with Russia. Oscar I See also: Oscar I of Sweden Charles XIV's son and successor King Oscar I was much more liberally inclined. Shortly after his accession on March 4, 1844 he laid several projects of reform before the Riksdag; but the estates would do little more
Fascism
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and often race above the individual, and uses violence and modern techniques of propaganda and censorship to forcibly suppress political opposition, engages in severe economic and social regimentation, and espouses nationalism and sometimes racism (ethnic nationalism). Nazism is usually considered as a kind of fascism, but it should be understood that although Nazism sought the state's purpose in serving an ideal to valuing what its content should be; its people, race, and the social engineering of these aspects of culture to the ends of the greatest possible prosperity for them at the expense of all else (an 'introverted' socialism). Mussolini's Fascism held to the ideology that all of these factors existed to serve the state and that it wasn't necessarily in the state's interest to serve or engineer any of these
Guillain-Barre syndrome
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causes disturbances in peripheral nerve functions, which can be classified as motor (affecting the muscle), sensory (affecting the skin) or autonomic (affecting the internal organs). Therefore, patients usually show two or more of the following symptoms: weakness (often symmetrical, in ascending fashion, leading to respiratory failure in 1/3 of cases), decreased sensation (numbness, loss of position sense), severe fluctuations in blood pressure, irregularities of heart rate, constipation and incontinence. Additional symptoms may be blurred vision, difficulty moving facial muscles, difficulty swallowing, and drooling. The diagnosis is established by electromyography examination, nerve conduction studies (NCS), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. Electromyography and NCS show slowing of conduction velocities, indicating myelin loss; CSF examination reveals high protein content with usually normal or slightly elevated cell count, indicating severe nerve damage. These findings are
Good Agricultural Practices
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to apply for on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability. Though the term is not new, it has really begun to get wide attention at the end of the 1990s. GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales. They are applied through sustainable agricultural methods, such as integrated pest management, integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture. They rely on four principles: Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security), safe (food safety) and nutritious food (food quality); Sustain and enhance natural resources; Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods; Meet cultural and social demands of society. The concept of GAPs has changed in recent years because
Global China Group Holdings Limited
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is mainly focused on the business of Media Ownership & Services, Human Capital Management, as well as Broadband Content & Distribution. The Group has formed strategic alliances with several authoritative media corporations, tertiary institutions and renowned enterprises to strengthen its business portfolios. They include the Xinhua News Agency, the People's Daily Press, Dow Jones News Agency, the University of International Business and Economics, the Peking University Founder Group Corporation, Sanlian Group, dnmstrategies together with other reputable partners. Global China Holdings Limited
General equilibrium
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Gerard Debreu in the 1950s. Gerard Debreu presents this model in Theory of Value (1959) as an axiomatic model, following the style of mathematics promoted by Bourbaki. In such an approach, the interpretation of the terms in the theory (e.g., goods, prices) are not fixed by the axioms. Three important theorems have been proved in this framework. First, existence theorems show that equilibria exist under certain abstract conditions. The first fundamental theorem of welfare states that every market equilibrium is Pareto optimal under certain conditions. The second fundamental theorem of welfare states that every Pareto optimum is supported by a price system, again under certain conditions. These conditions were stated in the language of mathematical topology. The proofs used such concepts as seperating hyperplanes and fixed point theorems. Three important interpretations
Game designer
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tedious process. If the initial design is rejected, the designer has to try to figure out why it was rejected and make changes to appease stakeholders. The process of submitting a design, getting rejected, tweaking and resubmitting can take weeks, months or even years. Often, a game design never gets approved and the designer has to attempt a different idea altogether. But when a design finally gets the "green light," it isn't over. When full-scale production begins, the initial game design gives the production team (programmers, artist and one or more producers) a "jumping off" point for development. Artists generate concept sketches and programmers will develop several prototypes to test out various game concepts. During this time, the game design will evolve, change and grow drastically, and it is the game
History of the PRC (1976-present)
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movements. At the pivotal December 1978 Third Plenum (of the 11th Party Congress Central Committee), the leadership adopted economic reform policies known as the Four Modernizations aimed at expanding rural income and incentives, encouraging experiments in enterprise autonomy, reducing central planning, and establishing direct foreign investment in mainland China. The plenum also decided to accelerate the pace of legal reform, culminating in the passage of several new legal codes by the National People's Congress in June 1979. The goals of Deng's reforms were summed up by the Four Modernizations, the modernization of agriculture, industry, science and technology and the military. The strategy for achieving these aims, of becoming a modern, industrial nation, was the socialist market economy. Deng argued that mainland China was in the primary stage of socialism and that
U.S. false claims law (in depth)
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case 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1) provides that "the action may be dismissed only if the court and the Attorney General give written consent to the dismissal and their reasons for consenting." Despite this wording, some courts have held that if the government declines to intervene, either while the case is under seal or during the course of the action, then it loses standing to object to voluntary dismissal of the action or to object to the settlement terms between the defendant and the relator. Finally, when the government declines to intervene the relator's share of the award increases to between 25 and 30 percent of the recovery plus reasonable attorney's fees and expenses. Jurisdiction and Venue A qui tam action may be brought in any judicial district in which the defendant(s)
History of the United States National Security Council 1981-1989
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emphasized the "integration" of the proposed policies and views of the foreign affairs agencies. Nor did he take on any of the articulation of administration foreign policy(a responsibility left to Secretary Haig who at first thought of himself as the "Vicar" of foreign affairs. Changes were made in the NSC from the outset of the Reagan presidency. At a February 25, 1981, meeting chaired by Meese, Cabinet-level heads of the major foreign affairs agencies agreed on a plan to establish three Senior Interdepartmental Groups (SIGs) on foreign, defense, and intelligence problems, chaired respectively by the Secretaries of State and Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence. Under the SIGs, a series of Assistant Secretary-level Interdepartmental Groups (IGs), each chaired by the agency with particular responsibility, dealt with specific issues. The NSC
History of Somalia
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to their own side of the fence. Surprisingly the biggest threat to European colonial ambitions in Somalia came from Ethiopian Emperor Mendik II who had successfully avoided having his own country occupied, and was planning to play another round of Ethiopia's favorite national past time, i.e. "lets go conquer the Somalis". By 1900 he had seized the Ogaden region in western Somalia, which was mostly desert and only good for meager livestock production. Ironically even today, long after all the Europeans had given up on their relatively valuable colonial possessions, Ogaden, the most barren of Somali provinces, is still frequently fought over by the two bordering nations. Most likely more blood has watered the ground in Ogaden than rain. Somali resistance to their colonial masters, both familiar and foreign, began in
Hedge fund
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better than the investment grade bond market, while still having low risk. However the side effect of this popularity was to dramatically increase the interest in all of the non-standard investment strategies, and soon other funds were being set up with new strategies aimed primarily at high growth. Although there is no hedging in these cases, the term is still used for these funds as well. A special type of hedge fund is a fund-of-funds, a fund which invests in other hedge funds rather than trading assets itself. Hedge funds use alternative strategies such as selling short, arbitrage, trading options or derivatives, using leverage, investing in seemingly undervalued securities, and attempting to take advantage of the spread between current market price and the ultimate purchase price in situations such as mergers.
H2G2
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course, was famous for the Radio Series/TV Series/Book Series/Play of the same name). h2g2 serves as a handy abbreviation for that rather lengthy title, with the advantage that most people are able to spell it. Like many other dot-com companies, Adams' company TDV ran into financial difficulties around the turn of the century and eventually ceased operations. In February 2001, the management of the site was taken over by the BBC's BBCi network. During this takeover there was a lengthy intermission which the community called "Rupert" - an obscure reference from one of Adams' books. h2g2 has a strong community feel, with a largely helpful user base. The site is rich in graphics, which are designed by an in-house team of artists. The site is generally considered quite user-friendly, particularly towards
IonPanel
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IonPanel IonPanel is a website management system, written by David Bell and developed using PHP and powered by both PHP, a programming language, and MySQL, a database management system. IonPanel initially began as a small PHP application designed to store and publish news on a website. This initial experience led to the development of IonPanel as a website engine, an application capable to producing dynamic websites responding to user input and allowing the website author to quickly create and modify content on that website without the use of conventional tools. IonPanel 0.23 and 0.27 were prototypes, based upon the v76 Content Management System, but this line of code was completley scrapped in early 2002. Instead a new from-scrach design was developed, with help from other developers, and influences from
Interwoven
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Interwoven Inc. is a world-leading provider of content management software for the business enterprise. Allied with the leading enterprise application providers, Interwoven products provide content and digital asset management for more than 1200 organizations world wide, including Air France, Cisco Systems, General Electric, General Motors, and Yamaha.
Intranet strategies
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voice mail, and paging discussion rooms and chat rooms audio and video conferencing virtual team meetings and project collaboration 2) Web publishing develop and publish hyperlinked multi-media documents such as: policy manuals company newsletters product catalogs technical drawing training material telephone directories 3) Business operations and management order processing inventory control production setup and control management information systems database access 4) Intranet portal management centrally administer all network functions including servers, clients, security, directories, and traffic gives users access to a variety of internal and external business applications it integrates many different technologies Potential advantages of using Intranets - reduces printing, distribution, and paper costs - particularly on policy manuals, company newsletters, product catalogs, technical drawings, training material, and telephone directories - easy to use - no specialized training req
Intellectual property education
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or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided...that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program...." although the service and maintenance that was done in both MAI and Triad was an "essential step in the utilization of the computer program," and thus immune to an allegation of infringement, however the defendants in these two cases were found to infringe because, the software that their customers were using had been "licensed" to the customers, not "sold.". In both of these cases, the court noted that the duplication rights provided under Section 117 only applied to an "owner" of a copy. The court concluded that a "licensee" was not an "owner.". It is important to note
InfoAnarchy wiki
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is a collection of openly editable pages on the subject of information retrieval, distribution and management. It is part of the infoAnarchy website. The wiki states it is dedicated to: information related to file sharing, copyright, the gift economy, cyber liberties, peer to peer research, information tools, and similar topics which are discussed on infoAnarchy. [1] The website slogan is: "Which future do you want to live in?" This alludes to the perspective that, if traditional intellectual property laws are rigidly enforced, the digital commons of the Internet might be destroyed. The infoAnarchy wiki uses the UseMod software. The rest of the infoAnarchy website is based on Scoop. All content contributed to the wiki is in the public domain and may therefore be freely used for any purpose.
Instructional technology
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barest necessities. The counter argument for instructional technology enthusiasts is that human interaction will always need to be taught and human teachers will continue to be needed as socialization trainers. This will be a real issue for students of ethics. (One could disagree with the above paragraph's statement that "the ultimate aim of instructional technology is to reduce the human element of instruction." Some educational technology designed with the tenets of constructivism in mind intentionally includes "the human element" by requiring students to work in groups, with the teacher as a guide.) However, evidence based on the growth of human interaction simulators like ELIZA and ALICE suggest a time where human interaction can be successfully simulated as well. The future of cognitive expert systems will be the ability to a achieve
Jon Johansen
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verdict was announced on January 7, 2003 acquitting Johansen of all charges. This being the verdict of the district court, two further levels of appeals were available to the prosecutors. Økokrim filed an appeal on January 20, 2003 and it was reported on February 28 that the appeals court had agreed to hear the case. On March 5, the appeals court said that arguments filed by the movie industry and additional evidence merited another trial. In November 2003, Johansen released QTFairUse, an open source program which attempts to dump the output of a QuickTime stream to a file, which could bypass the digital rights management software used to encrypt content of music from media such as those distributed by the iTunes Music Store, Apple Computer's on-line music store. Although these resulting
Journal
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House of Commons begin in the first year of the reign of Edward VI (1547), and are complete, except for a short interval under Elizabeth I. Those of the House of Lords date from the first year of Henry VIII. (1509). Before that date the proceedings in parliament were entered in the rolls of parliament, which extend from 1278 to 1503. The journals of the Lords are "records" in the judicial sense, those of the Commons are not (see Erskine May, Parliamentary Practice, 1906, pp. 201-202). The term "journal" is used, in business, for a book in which an account of transactions is kept previous to a transfer to the ledger (see bookkeeping), and also as an equivalent to a ship's log, as a record of the daily run, observations, weather
Jakarta Slide
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Jakarta Slide Slide is an open-source content management system from the Jakarta project. It is written in Java and implements the WebDAV protocol. Slide provides a hierarchical organization of storing data. Content is stored within a Domain which includes one or more Namespaces. Each namespace is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). A namespace contains one or more Stores of information, e.g., a database or a directory tree. A Service is associated with each store and manages the connection to that store. A store contains one or more Scopes. Slide can be used with multiple data sources requiring only small abstraction layers to be written for each repository. Part of content management includes support for security, locking and versioning. The Slide engine is implemented as a JMX Managed Bean (MBean).
Japanese copyright law
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be some restrictions such as about commercial use, which has a conflict with GFDL. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Author's Right 2 Neighboring Rights 3 Recent movement 3.1 The Compensation System for Digital Private Recording 3.2 The right of communication to the public (public transmission) 3.3 The Copyright Management Business Law 3.4 The right of transfer of ownership 3.5 The right of presentation 4 External Links 5 Credit Author's Right The copyright law defined the authorship who enjoys "production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific, artistic or musical domain". The law excludes news programming language The law provides the author the rights below without firming. Neighboring Rights Moral Rights Economic Rights Recent movement The Compensation System for Digital Private
Kudzu
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crowns can lead to reinfestation of an area. Mechanical methods involve cutting vines just above ground level and destroying all cut material. Close mowing every month for two growing seasons or repeated cultivation may be effective. Cut kudzu can be fed to livestock, burned or enclosed in plastic bags and sent to a landfill. If conducted in the spring, cutting must be repeated as regrowth appears to exhaust the plant's stored carbohydrate reserves. Late season cutting should be followed up with immediate application of a systemic herbicide (e.g., glyphosate) to cut stems, to encourage transport of the herbicide into the root system. Repeated applications of several soil-active herbicides have been used effectively on large infestations in forestry situations. Efforts are being organized by the U.S. Forest Service to begin a search
List of information technology management topics
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List of information technology management topics Management information systems an overview E-business Intranet strategies Database management system Data warehousing Data mining Document warehousing Customer relationship management (CRM) Sales force management system Enterprise resource planning (ERP) Business Performance Management Project management software Integration management Middleware Groupware and collaborative systems RSA Computer aided design (CAD) Computer aided manufacturing (CAM) Knowledge management (KMS) Decision support system (DSS) Electronic data processing (EDP) Geographic information system Material resource planning Strategic enterprise management Supply chain management Virtual management E-commerce Business to Business Electronic Commerce (B2B) Business to business exchange (B2X) Business to employee (B2E) Business to government (B2G) Business to Consumer Electronic Commerce (B2C) Amazon.com Online auction business model (C2C) e-Bay peer-to-peer systems (P2P)
Digital rights management
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Digital rights management Digital rights management or digital restrictions management, commonly abbreviated DRM, is an umbrella term for any of several arrangements by which the usage of a copyrighted digital work can be restricted by the owner of the rights to the work. The actual arrangements are called technical protection measures (although the distinction between the two terms is not particularly clear). Although technical protection measures for software have been common since the 1980s, DRM is increasingly being used for creative works too. Some would like to use DRM mechanisms to protect other "proprietary information", particularly trade secrets and uncopyrightable facts in databases (see also database protection laws). In contrast to existing legal restrictions which copyrighted status imposes on the owner of a copy of any such data,
Document management system
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Document management system A document management system is originally a computer program (or set of programs) used to track and store paper documents. Modern systems often also support storage and retrieval of electronic documents in the form of word processor files and the like. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Physical Paper Document Management Systems 2 Electronic Document Management Systems 3 See Also 4 External Links: Physical Paper Document Management Systems Typical systems have the user scan in the original paper document, and store the image of the document in a database of some sort. The image is often given a name containing the date, and the user is often asked to type in additional "tags" in order to make finding the image easier. For instance, a user
Unified Knowledge Management
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Unified Knowledge Management Unified Knowledge Management is a broader term for integrated IT solutions combining Content Management, Document Management, Teamwork or Collaboration Management, to be integrated with intelligent Search Engines. The benefits of Unified Knowledge Management solutions are: Increase knowledge transfer within and between organisations or companies. Decrease time to retrieve relevant information from corporate or organisational databases and file repositories. Display and visualize dependencies and relationships between information objects, people, and data patterns.
Information Content Exchange
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Information Content Exchange ICE is another XML format for data exchange. See also Content management WebDAV
List of Content Management Systems
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List of Content Management Systems Content management systems and Content Management Frameworks come in a variety of platforms, including PHP (Midgard framework, PHP-Nuke and its derivatives), Python (Zope) and Java (Jakarta Cocoon and OpenCMS). Free software or Open source: OSCOM, the central organization for Open Source Content management provides many resources on Open Source CMS Content Management Frameworks: Apache Cocoon Apache Mason Jakarta Slide AxKit Krysalis Foundation Midgard (also in a "Lite" edition) OpenACS Slither Tea Trove Zope Content Management Systems: Aegir (previously Aegir CMS) Apache Lenya Ariadne Bitflux Bricolage Callisto Campsite CityDesk [1] - Windows client CMS CocoBlog Cofax Contenido [1] open source CMS DBPrism CMS Drupal the software used to power Debian Planet [1] and Kernel Trap [1]. e107 [1] Envolution [1] eZ publish Hyperwave
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