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Formic acid
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Properties NIST WebBook MSDS Hazardous Chemical Database SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is CH2O2 or HCOOH. Its structure is shown at right. In nature, it is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. It is also the principal irritant in the leaves of the stinging nettle. Its name come from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Properties 3 Production 4 Uses 5 Safety History As early as the 15th century, some alchemists and naturalists were aware that ant hills
FileMaker
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Pro is an easy to use, cross platform database application from FileMaker Inc. FileMaker is famed for its combination of power and ease of use. It is also noted for the integration of the database engine with its GUI-based interface, which allows you to modify the database by dragging new elements into the layouts/screens/forms that provide the user interface. This results in a 'quasi-object' development enviromment of a kind which is still largely unique in the "industrial strength" database world. FileMaker was one of a handful of database applications released on the Apple Macintosh in the 1980s that completely revolutionized the industry. It is perhaps odd that today much of this heritage has been lost. With the notable exception of FileMaker, leading databases tend to be very rigid in their design
Global 200
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crucial to the conservation of global biodiversity. The goal of this new classification is to ensure that the full range of ecosystems will be represented in regional conservation and development strategies. WWF reflected that though conservationists focused on the preservation of rainforest because they harbored an estimated 50 percent of species on Earth, a more comprehensive strategy for conserving global biodiversity could try to consider as well the other 50 percent of species and the ecosystems that support them. Several habitats, such as Mediterranean-climate shrublands, are on average more threatenend than tropical rainforest, and require conservation action. WWF claims that although conservation action typically takes place at the country level, patterns of biodiversity and ecological processes (e.g., migration) do not conform to political boundaries. Two of the worldwide classification systems commonly
United States Coast Guard
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broad and important role in law enforcement, search-and-rescue, and assistance to navigation. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Organization 1.1 Headquarters 1.1.1 Coast Guard Air Stations 1.2 The U.S. Coast Guard Academy 1.3 Platforms 1.3.2 Cutters 1.3.3 Aircraft 1.3.4 Boats 1.4 Missions 1.4.5 Maritime Safety 1.4.6 Maritime Mobility 1.4.7 Maritime Security 1.4.8 National Defense 1.4.9 Protection of Natural Resources 2 History of the Coast Guard 2.5 The Development of Alaska 2.6 "You Have to Go Out, But You Don't Have to Come Back" 2.7 Birth of the Modern Coast Guard 2.8 World War II 2.8.10 Douglas Munro 2.9 Korean War 2.10 The 1960s 2.11 The 1970s 2.11.11 The Kudirka Incident 2.12 The 1980s 2.13 The 1990s 2.14 The 2000s 3 People who have been in the Coast Guard 4 The Coast Guard
Unified Modeling Language
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visualise, construct and document the artifacts of an object-oriented software-intensive system under development. The UML represents a compilation of "best engineering practices" which have proven successful in modelling large, complex systems, especially at the architectural level. See software architecture. UML integrates the concepts of Booch, OMT and OOSE by fusing them into a single, common and widely usable modelling language. UML aims to be a standard modelling language which can model concurrent and distributed systems. UML is not an industry standard, but is taking shape under the auspices of the Object Management Group (OMG). OMG has called for information on object-oriented methodologies, that might create a rigorous software modeling language. Many industry leaders have responded in earnest to help create the standard. There are three prominent models of the UML system
Gerald McBoing-Boing
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Disney's animation methods produced lush and awe-inspiring images, it was felt that realism in the medium of animation was a limiting factor. Cartoons did not have to obey the rules of the real world (as the short films of Tex Avery proved), and so UPA experimented with a non-realistic style that depecticted caricatures rather than lifelike depictions of real people. This was a major step in the development of limited animation - though despite the abuse of the form that would arise in the future (due to cost-cutting methods), Gerald McBoing Boing was meant as an artistic exercise rather than merely a way of producing cheap cartoons. The film won an Academy Award for Best Short Subject, Cartoons and has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
Geography
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Ellen Churchill Semple, and Ellsworth Huntington. Popular hypotheses included "heat makes inhabitants of the tropics lazy" and "frequent changes in barometric pressure make inhabitants of temperate latitudes more intellectually agile." Environmental determinist geographers attempted to make the study of such influences scientific. Around the 1930s, this school of thought was widely repudiated as lacking any basis and being prone to (often bigoted) generalizations. Environmental determinism remains an embarassment to many contemporary geographers, and leads to skepticism among many of them of claims of environmental influence on culture (such as the theories of Jared Diamond). Regional geography represented a reaffirmation that the proper topic of geography was space and place. Regional geographers focused on the collection of descriptive information about places, as well as the proper methods for dividing the earth up
G11n
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or g11n is an abbreviation for globalization especially in software development. The word starts with G and ends with N with 11 letters in between. It reads "G eleven N". G11N is a collective term that refers to the combined I18N and L10N process. I18N (internationalization) involves making the software flexible to handle locale specific data, e.g. handle text in local languages, handle date, time, numeric, currency data according to local formatting convention. I18N often requires redesigning parts or most of the software modules, unless they were originally written with the global market in mind. Any textual information should be isolated from the source code so that the same executable can be packaged with different language data for different markets. The textual data are extracted into resource files or database for
HyperCard
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Computer which runs only in Mac OS Classic. It most closely resembles a database application in concept, in that it stores information, but unlike traditional database systems HyperCard is very flexible and trivially easy to modify. In addition HyperCard includes a powerful and easy to use programming language to manipulate that data, one that is so easy to use that most HyperCard users used it as a programming system as opposed to a database. History HyperCard was created by Bill Atkinson and initially released in 1987, with the understanding that Atkinson would give HyperCard to Apple only if they promised to release it for free on all Macs. Originally called WildCard during its development, the name was changed to HyperCard before official release due to legal issues. The HyperCard application and
Human Genome Project
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data. This part of the project is still ongoing although a preliminary count indicates about 30,000 genes in the human genome, which is far less than predicted by most scientists. Another goal of the HGP was to develop faster, more efficient methods for DNA sequencing and sequence analysis and the transfer of these technologies to the industry. Today, the sequence of the human DNA is stored in databases and is available for everyone on the Internet. Computer programs are developed to analyse that data, for the data itself is next to useless without interpretation. The process of identifying the boundaries of genes and other features in raw DNA sequence is called annotation and is the domain of bioinformatics. While expert biologists make the best annotators, such annotation proceeds slowly, and computer
History of British Socialism
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Mines sprang up across the whole country and peasants were taken from the fields and thrown down the mines, or worse still, into the "Dark, Satanic Mills" the chimneys of which blacked the sky over Lancashire and West Yorkshire. Living conditions were appalling and working conditions were worse. These appalling conditions forced the birth of a socialism that came earlier and was very different to later versions of the ideology. The pioneering work of Robert Owen, a Welsh radical, at New Lanark in Scotland, is usually credited as being the birth of British Socialism. What Owen did at the mill was: Stopped employing Children under the age of 10 Built a nursery and an infant school Made older children attend a secondary school after work Improved the working and living conditions
History of operating systems
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the sake of convenience; as OSes progressed, a larger selection of 'second class' OS software came to be included, such that now, an OS without a graphical user interface or various file viewers is often considered not to be a true or complete OS. The broader categories of systems and application software are discussed in the computer software article. The mainframe era Early operating systems were very diverse, with each vendor producing one or more operating systems specific to their particular hardware. Every operating system, even from the same vendor, could have radically different models of commands, operating procedures, and such facilities as debugging aids. Typically, each time the manufacture brought out a new machine, there would be a new operating system. This state of affairs continued until the 1960s when
Iraq Body Count project
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also doesn't count dead soldiers and indirect deaths caused by the broken infrastructure. According to the project's website, it was created "to establish an independent and comprehensive public database of civilian deaths in Iraq resulting directly from military actions by the USA and its allies in 2003" for the purpose of "holding our leaders to account." [1] The project, which is rooted in the anti-war movement (see list at the end of the article), is staffed by volunteers who measure the number of non-Iraqi-caused civilian deaths in the Iraq war of 2003 by sampling news stories to extract minimum and maximum numbers of civilian casualities. Each incident reported at least by two independent news sources is included in the Iraq Body Count database. Although IBC records the newspaper, magazine or website
IonPanel
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developed using PHP and powered by both PHP, a programming language, and MySQL, a database management system. IonPanel initially began as a small PHP application designed to store and publish news on a website. This initial experience led to the development of IonPanel as a website engine, an application capable to producing dynamic websites responding to user input and allowing the website author to quickly create and modify content on that website without the use of conventional tools. IonPanel 0.23 and 0.27 were prototypes, based upon the v76 Content Management System, but this line of code was completley scrapped in early 2002. Instead a new from-scrach design was developed, with help from other developers, and influences from both SACMS and GF-admin. The first release was in August 2002, and IonPanel soon
Intentional programming
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gross sense, the source code captures the intentions of the programmer, but does so at a very low level. For instance, let's say you wanted to write a program to write out the numbers from 1 to 10. Using a Java-like syntax, such a program could be written like this: for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { System.out.println("the number is " + i); } The code above contains one of the more common constructs of most computer languages, the bounded loop, in this case represented by the for construct. The code, when compiled and run, will loop 10 times, incrementing the value of i each time and then printing it out. However this code does not truly capture the intentions of the programmer, which was, simply, "print the
International waters
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threats include sea and land-based pollution, depletion of freshwater resources, habitat loss, introduction of exotic species, and over-harvesting of living and non-living aquatic resources. Disputes over shared water resources have a long history.[1] Water has been used as a tool and weapon of conflict, access to water has been a source of dispute and contention, and major water development projects have led to violence and civil strife. As a number of international waters agreements demonstrate, shared waters can also be a source of cooperation. This is particularly evident today with the increase in the number of initiatives related to aquifers, lakes, rivers, coasts and ocean management regimes, as well as of international waters institutions committed to bilateral and/or multilateral management of transboundary water resources. International waters are one of several focal
Intermediate COCOMO
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grouped into four major categories, each with a number of subcategories: Product attributes Required software reliability Size of application database Complexity of the product Hardware attributes Run-time performance constraints Memory constraints Volatility of the virtual machine environment Required turnabout time Personnel attributes Analyst capability Software engineer capability Applications experience Virtual machine experience Programming language experience Project attributes Use of software tools Application of software engineering methods Required development schedule Each of the 15 attributes is rated on a 6-point scale that ranges from "very low" to "extra high" (in importance or value). Based on the rating, an effort multiplier is determined from the table below. The product of all effort multipliers results in an 'effort adjustment factor (EAF). Typical values for EAF range from 0.9 to 1.4. Ratings Very Very Extra
InterBase
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InterBase InterBase is a database management system (DBMS) currently developed and marketed by Borland. InterBase is distinguished from other DBMSs by its small footprint, close to zero administration requirements, and multi-generational architecture. InterBase runs on the Linux, Microsoft Windows, and Solaris operating systems. History Jim Starkey was working at DEC on their Datatrive network database product when he came up with an idea for a new system to manage concurrent changes by many users. Now known as multi-generational or versioning systems, his idea would dramatically simplify the existing problems of locking which were proving to be a serious problem for the new relational database systems being developed at the time. He wanted to work on his idea at DEC, but at the time DEC had just started a
Ingres
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Ingres This article is about a relational database system. For the artist, see Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. Ingres was an early relational database system, created as a research project at the University of California, Berkeley starting in the early 1970s and ending in the early 1980s. The code, like that from other projects at Berkeley, was available at minimal cost under a version of the BSD license. By the mid-1980s Ingres had spawned a number of commercial database applications, including Sybase, SQL Server, NonStop SQL, Informix and a number of others. A follow-on project started in the mid-1980s as Postgres, leading to the development of PostgreSQL, Illustra, and later versions of Informix. By any measure, Ingres is one of the most influential modern computer research projects. History Ingres In
Informix
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Informix The term Informix refers to a relational database, and for almost 20 years also referred to the company which developed it. The Informix DBMS developed from the pioneering Ingres system that also led to Sybase and SQL Server. For a time in the 1990s Informix was the second most popular database system, after Oracle. Success did not last very long, however, and by 2000 a series of management blunders had all but destroyed the company. In 2001 IBM purchased Informix in order to gain access to its existing market share and customer base. Long-term plans to merge Informix technology with DB2 have emerged, since the Informix Arrowhead project has now become the DB2 Arrowhead. IBM has also undertaken to support older versions. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early history 2
Instructional capital
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a means of protection for such shared instructions when compiled and registered according to the instructions of the law itself. Law may itself be the best example of instructional capital. As a capital asset, the Wikipedia article database itself is most reasonably considered a piece of instructional capital. When separated from the individual and social context of its users and contributors, e.g. as visible in the meta and other name-spaces, and with its brand and associated user interface removed, one is left only with - instructions. human sometimes, individual never, social intangibly The term seemingly originated in post-secondary school administration where budgets were forced to differentiate between "instructional" and "non-instructional" or "infrastructural capital". And, to consider their professors and other staff not simply as labor or even "human resources" but a
Immortal game (chess)
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in 1855 by the Australian Ernst Falkbeer. The immortal game has resurfaced in many unusual guises. The town of Marostica, Italy has replayed the immortal game with living persons every year, beginning on September 2, 1923. The position after the 20th move is on a 1984 stamp from Surinam. The final part of the game was used as an inspiration for the chess game in the movie Blade Runner in 1982, though the chessboards are not arranged exactly the same (in fact, in the movie Sebastian's and Tyrell's board do not even match each other). This game is an excellent demonstration of the style of chess play in the 1800s, where rapid development and attack were considered the most effective way to win, where many gambits and counter-gambits were offered (and
Visual Studio .NET
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Microsoft. It is for the Microsoft Windows operating system and is aimed primarily but not exclusively at development for Win32 platforms. The latest version in their line of powerful IDEs, Studio .NET supports the new .NET languages C#, Visual Basic .NET and Managed C++ in addition to C++. The look and feel of Studio .NET is nearly identical to previous versions of the IDE. Some notable exceptions include the cleaner interface and greater cohesiveness. It is also more customizable with status windows that automatically hide when not in use. The most notable feature of the IDE is its support of the new .NET languages. Programs developed in these languages do not compile to machine language (like C++ does, for example) but instead compile into something called MSIL. When programs execute the
IDB
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Diamond Buying (in South Africa) Image Database Industrial Development Board (for Northern Ireland) Informational Drug Brochure In-suit Drink Bag (spacesuits) Integrated Database Intelligence Database Inter-American Development Bank Inter-Dimensional Being Interleaved Dual Boost Internal Data Bus International Database Internet Database Internet Directory for Botany Interoperability Database Investment Decision Board Irish Dairy Board ISDN Dial Backup Islamic Development Bank This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.
John Poindexter
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immunity from prosecution as a result of his testimony before Congress. On February 13, 2002, the media learned that Poindexter had become the Director of The Pentagon's Information Awareness Office, a secretive intelligence bureau whose mission is to gather and centralize as much information as possible about everyone, intending to unify all private databases about U.S. citizens into one central database run by the government (including information about travel, credit card purchases, medical history, etc.). Controversy over Poindexter's integrity followed his appointment to the position due to his role in the Iran-Contra scandal. In protest against what he feels is Poindexter's plan to effect the systematic destruction of Americans' civil liberties and privacy rights, San Francisco Weekly columnist Matt Smith published John Poindexter's home address and phone number on November 27,
J. Michael Straczynski
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student and friend of Norman Corwin and an outspoken admirer of the work of Rod Serling. Straczynski currently resides in the Los Angeles area with his wife, fellow writer Kathryn M. Drennan Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Television 2 Novels 3 Comic books 4 Other work 5 Trivia 6 External Links Television Straczynski's most famous television work is Babylon 5, a 1990s science fiction series concerning the development of humanity about 250 years in the future, and how it finds its place in the universe alongside various alien races. It is essentially a character-driven space opera which occurs on a space station and is also notable for its extensive use of CGI for its special effects. Straczynski has also worked on the series Jake and the Fatman, Murder, She Wrote, The
Oracle database
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Oracle database The Oracle database is a relational database system from Oracle corporation extensively used in product and internet-based applications in different platforms. Oracle database was developed by Larry Ellison, along with friends and former coworkers Bob Miner and Ed Oates, who had started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL). They called their finished product Oracle, after the code name of a CIA-funded project they had worked on at a previous employer, Ampex. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Data storage structure 2 History 3 Version numbering conventions 4 Database-related applications 5 List of Firsts 6
Object database
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Object database An object database (more correctly referred to as ODBMS or OODBMS for Object Database Management System) is a DBMS that stores objects as opposed to rows/tuples in a RDBMS or relational database system. It is most often used in the case of C++ and Java programmers that do not wish to deal with the impedance mismatch of going from an OO language to a database query language like SQL programming language that RDBMS require. Developers prefer to be able to persist an object without having to go through a paradigm shift. Also missing from RDBMS is the concept of polymorphism, which is central to OO design, thus causing headaches when mapping from OO code to an RDBMS. Of course this has advantages and disadvantages. The
Biological database
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Biological database There are around 500 public and commercial biological databases. These databases contain information about nucleotid sequences of genes or amino acid sequences of proteins. Furthermore information about function, structure, localisation on chromosome, clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences can be found. With help of biological databases, the cooperation of biomolecules and the whole metabolism of an organism should be explained. This would facilitate the rational fight against diseases and the development of medical drugs. The biological knowledge of databases is usually (locally) separated. This makes it difficult to ensure the consistency of information, which sometimes leads to low data quality of biological databases.
Database administrator
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Database administrator (Database Administrator) A person who is responsible for the environmental aspects of a database. In general, these include: Recoverability Integrity Security Availability Performance Development and testing support The duties of a database administrator at a particular site vary, depending on the policies in place and the database management system’s (DBMS’s) capabilities for carrying them out. Before going on, we need to briefly define and describe “database.” A database is a collection of related information, accessed and managed by its DBMS. After experimenting with hierarchical and networked DBMSs during the 1970’s , the IT industry became dominated by relational DBMSs such as Oracle Server. A relational DBMS manages information about types of real-world things (entities) in the form of tables that represent the entities. A
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