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Inductive logic programming
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Inductive logic programming Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a machine learning approach, which uses techniques of logic programming. From a database of facts and expected results, which are divided into positive and negative examples, an ILP system tries to derive a logic program that proves all the positive and none of the negative examples. Schema: positive examples + negative examples + background knowledge = rules. Inductive logic programming is particularly useful in natural language processing. Implementations Aleph ( http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/machlearn/Aleph ) Foil ( ftp://ftp.cs.su.oz.au/pub/foil6.sh ) Lime ( http://cs.anu.edu.au/people/Eric.McCreath/lime.html )
Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
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Inheritance (object-oriented programming) See inheritance (computer science)'' for other computing uses of inheritance. In object-oriented programming of computer science, an inheritance is a way to form new classeses or objectss using pre-defined objects or classes where new ones simply take over old ones's implemetions and characterstics. It is intended to help reuse of existing code with little or no modification. Complex inheritances may cause the Yo-yo problem. Applications of inheritance Specialization One common reason to use inheritance is to create specializations of existing classes or objects. This is often called subtyping when applied to classes. In specialization, the new class or object has data or behavior aspects which are not part of the inherited class. For example, a "Bank Account" class might have data for an "account number", "owner",
INTERCAL programming language
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INTERCAL programming language INTERCAL is a programming language parody. It is said by the authors to stand for "Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym". INTERCAL was perpetrated by Don Woods and James Lyons, two Princeton University students, in 1972 and is purposely different from all other computer languages in all ways but one; it is purely a written language, being totally unspeakable. An excerpt from the INTERCAL Reference Manual will make the style of the language clear: It is a well-known and oft-demonstrated fact that a person whose work is incomprehensible is held in high esteem. For example, if one were to state that the simplest way to store a value of 65536 in a 32-bit INTERCAL variable is: DO :1 <- #0$#256 any sensible programmer would
Imperative programming
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Imperative programming Written by Stan Seibert, Modifed by Wikipedia contributors, published by Wikimedia. In computer science, imperative programming, as opposed to declarative programming, is a programming style that describes computation in terms of a program state and statements that change the program state. In much the same way as the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take action, imperative programs are a sequence of commands for the computer to perform. The hardware implementation of almost all computers is imperative; nearly all computer hardware is designed to execute machine code, which is native to the computer, written in the imperative style. From this low-level perspective, the program state is defined by the contents of memory, and the statements are instructions in the native machine language of
Icon programming language
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Icon programming language The Icon programming language is a high level language with goal directed execution features and good facilities for managing strings and structures; it has inherited properties from SNOBOL (a string processing language). The definitive work is The Icon Programming Language (third edition) by Griswold and Griswold, ISBN 1-57398-001-3. The programming language Unicon descended from Icon. External Links http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/index.htm
IBASIC programming language
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IBASIC programming language IBasic is a programming language, which is (or can be) designed to be both easy to learn, yet still provide the advanced features required by an experienced programmers. IBasic is available only for Microsoft Windows and is unique for the level of access it provides for the operating system. Features include: Integrated Development Environment Produces small, standalone executables Simple BASIC syntax similar to QBASIC's C style constants and structure support Easily create Windows and Dialogs Direct X support Access to any DLLs
Jython programming language
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Jython programming language Jython is a version of Python that's written in Java and that runs in the Java environment. Jython programs can seamlessly import and use any Java class. Except for some standard modules, Jython programs use Java classes instead of Python modules. For example, a user interface in Jython would be written with Swing or AWT, rather than with Tkinter. For more on Jython, go to http://www.jython.org/.
JOVIAL programming language
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JOVIAL programming language JOVIAL is a computer programming language similar to Algol, but specialized for the development of embedded systems. JOVIAL stands for "Jules Own Version of the International Algorithmic Language." It was developed to write software for the electronics of military aircraft. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the U.S. military adopted a standardized CPU, the 1750A, and JOVIAL normally produces programs for that processor. JOVIAL is MIL-STD-1589, and is still widely used to update and maintain software on older, obsolescent military vehicles and aircraft. There are three dialects in common use: J3, J3B-2, and J73. As of 2003, JOVIAL is still actively maintained and distributed by the USAF JOVIAL Integrated Tool Set (ITS) Program Office. The program office helps organizations reuse their old, reliable
Joy programming language
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Joy programming language Stub - please refine. Manfred von Thun of Latrobe University in Melbourne, Australia has produced and is refining a functional programming language called Joy based on composition of functions rather than lambda calculus. It has turned out to have many similarities to Forth, due less to design than to a sort of parallel evolution and convergence. For more comprehensive information, see http://www.latrobe.edu.au/philosophy/phimvt/joy.html and http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?JoyOfJoy
JOSS programming language
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JOSS programming language JOSS (The JOHNNIAC Open Shop System) was developed by J.C. (Cliff) Shaw at RAND Corporation to allows users to use a computer interactively. JOSS enabled up to twelve people to share the computer simultaneously. This made it one of the first time-sharing systems to become available. JOSS was still available for use during the first half of the 1970s on IBM System/360 systems.
Visual Basic for Applications programming language
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Visual Basic for Applications programming language Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft's Visual Basic which is built into all Microsoft Office applications, some other Microsoft applications such as Visio and is at least partially implemented in some other applications such as AutoCAD and WordPerfect. It supersedes and expands on the capabilities of earlier application-specific macro programming languages such as Word's WordBasic, and can be used to control almost all aspects of the host application, including manipulating user interface features such as menus and toolbars and working with custom user forms or dialog boxes. As its name suggests, VBA is closely related to Visual Basic, but can normally only run code from within a host application rather than as a standalone program. It can however be
Jess programming language
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Jess programming language Jess, an acronym for Java Expert System Shell, is a superset of CLIPS programming language, developed by Ernest Friedman-Hill of Sandia National Labs. It was first written in late 1995. It provides rule-based programming suitable for automating an expert system, and is often referred to as an expert system shell. In recent years, intelligent agent systems have also developed, which depend on a similar capability. Rather than a procedural paradigm, where a single program has a loop that is activated only one time, the declarative paradigm used by Jess matches a rule with a single fact specified as its input and processes that fact as its output. When the program is run, the rules engine will activate one for each matching fact. Jess can
Jackson Structured Programming
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Jackson Structured Programming Jackson Structured Programming or JSP is a method for structured programming based on correspondences between data structure and program structure. It was originally developed in the 1970s by IT consultant Michael A. Jackson in order to improve the general standard of COBOL programming, although it is just as applicable to C or to Lisp for that matter. Although it imposes a structure upon a program which improves its modifiability and maintainability, the structure is rather different from the type of structure advocated by Wirth, Dijkstra, et al. External Links: http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/jacksonma/ http://www.ida.his.se/ida/~henrike/JSP/
Java programming language
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Java programming language The Java language is an object-oriented programming language created by James Gosling and other engineers at Sun Microsystems. It was developed in 1991, as part of the Green Project, and officially announced on May 23, 1995, at SunWorld; being released in November. Gosling and friends initially designed Java, which was called Oak at first (in honour of a tree outside Gosling's office), to replace C++ (although the feature set better resembles that of Objective C). More on the history of Java can be found in the article about the Java platform, which includes the language, the Java virtual machine, and the Java API. Sun controls the Java specification and holds a trademark on the Java name. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 1.1 Object
J Sharp programming language
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J Sharp programming language The J# (pronounced Jay Sharp) programming language is a transitional language for programmers of Sun’s Java and Microsoft’s J++ languages, so they may use their existing knowledge, and applications on Microsoft’s .NET platform. As with J++, it only supports a limited set of Java’s features.
J programming language
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J programming language The J programming language, developed in the early 90's by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and FP, the functional programming language created by John Backus (of Fortran, Algol, and BNF fame). To avoid the problems faced by the special character set of APL, J requires only the basic ASCII character set, resorting to the use of dot and colon characters to extend the meaning of the basic characters available. J is a very terse and powerful language, and is often found to be useful for math programming, especially when performing operations on matrices. It also offers a flexible namespace scheme ("locales") which can be used as a framework for OOP. Since J has no explicit
Kvikkalkul programming language
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Kvikkalkul programming language Kvikkalkul is a computer programming language ostensibly developed by the Swedish Navy in the 1950s and used on the SABINA computer. It came to fame in 1994 when someone made an anonymous post to usenet regarding it. Probably not a real language, but a joke; like INTERCAL in that respect.
Kid programming language
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Kid programming language Kid is a kernel language for Id. A refinement of P-TAC, used as an intermediate language for Id. Lambda-calculus with first-class let-blocks and I-structures. Reference "A Syntactic Approach to Program Transformations", Z. Ariola et. al., SIGPLAN Notices 26(9):116-129 (Sept 1991). This article was originally based on content from FOLDOC, used with permission. Update as needed.
List of computer term etymologies
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of many computer terms, especially computer applications, often relate to the function they perform, e.g., compiler is an application that compiles programming language code into the computer's machine language. There are other terms however whose history would indicate that it had less to do with the functionality, and hence are of etymological value. This article lists such terms. For a list of the origins of names of computer companies see List of company name etymologies. Also see : etymology Apache - the web server from the Apache Software Foundation. It got its name because its founders got started by applying patches to code written for NCSA's httpd daemon. The result was 'A PAtCHy' server -- thus, the name Apache. B programming language - B was created by Ken Thompson as a
List of computing topics
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please do update the page accordingly. At the end is a list of important computer people. See also List of programmers. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Symbols/Numbers 1.TR.6 -- 100BaseFX -- 100BaseTX -- 100BaseT -- 100BaseVG -- 100VG-AnyLAN -- 10base2 -- 10base5 -- 10baseT -- 120 reset -- 16-bit -- 16-bit application -- 16550 UART -- 1NF -- 1TBS -- 2.PAK -- 20-Gate programming language -- 20-GATE -- 28-bit -- 2B1D -- 2B1Q -- 2D -- 2NF -- 3-tier (computing) -- 32-bit application -- 32-bit -- 320xx microprocessor -- 320xx -- 386BSD -- 386SPART.PAR -- 3Com Corporation -- 3DO -- 3D -- 3GL -- 3NF -- 3Station -- 4.2BSD --
List of open-source software packages
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environments 3 Office software suites 4 Groupware 5 Web browsers 6 Databases 7 Games 8 Text editors 9 Content management systems 10 Learning Support 11 Programming language support 12 Graphics 13 Maths 14 Internet 15 Other Operating systems FreeBSD Linux NetBSD OpenBSD FreeDOS Desktop environments KDE GNOME Office software suites OpenOffice.org (similar functionality to Microsoft Office, including file compatibility) KOffice Groupware Kolab Kroupware Web browsers Galeon K-Meleon Konqueror Lynx Mozilla Mozilla Firebird Databases MySQL PostgreSQL FirebirdSQL Games Angband Circus Linux FlightGear Freeciv Hack Maelstrom Moria NetHack Netrek Penguin Command Pingus Xconq XPilot Text editors GNU/Emacs VIM FreeDOS edlin Content management systems Drupal Envolution myPHPNuke PHP-Nuke phpWebSite Postnuke Scoop Slashcode Xaraya Plone Learning Support Whiteboard http://whiteboard.sourceforge.net/ ILAIS http://www.ilias.uni-koeln.de/ios/index-e.html Moodle http://moodle.org/ Programming language su
MySQL
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as free software, utilises the GNU General Public License. The PHP-MySQL combination is also cross-platform. The Swedish company MySQL AB writes and maintains the system, selling support and service contracts, as well as commercially-licensed copies of MySQL, and employing people all over the world who communicate over the internet. Two Swedes and a Finn founded MySQL AB: David Axmark, Allan Larsson and Michael "Monty" Widenius. Despite the widespread pronunciation of "SQL" as "sequel," professionals generally pronounce "MySQL" as "my ess-que-ell," not "my-sequel." Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Platforms 2 Programming Languages 3 The latest production version 4 The development version 5 Future releases 6 Criticisms of MySQL 7 Wikipedia on MySQL 8
Michael Land
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he concentrated on electronic music. He also rekindled his interest in classical music, particularly that of Ludwig von Beethoven. After graduation, he entered Mills College in Oakland, California to further study electronic music. He broadened his study to Renaissance polyphony, and he also studied computer programming. When Land graduated from Mills in 1987, he took a job as a digital technician at an audio signal processor manufacturer called Lexicon, Inc Land worked for the company for three years, a period he spent honing his programming skills and writing operating system software for the company?s MIDI remote controllers. By 1990, the home video game market was beginning to blossom, particularly for personal computers. In April of that year, Land obtained a job at the fledgeling Lucasfilm Games (today known as LucasArts), a
Polyglot (computing)
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a polyglot is a computer program or script written in a valid form of multiple programming languages, which performs the same operations or output independently of which of the chosen programming language in which it is compiled or interpreted. Intuition suggests that polyglot programs should be impossible or very difficult to write. Intuition, in this case, is wrong. Generally polyglots are written in a combination of C (which allows redefinition of tokens and even operators with a preprocessor) and a scripting language such as Lisp, Perl or sh. The two most commonly used techniques for constructing a polyglot program are to make liberal use of languages which use different characters for comments and to redefine various tokens as others in different languages. Often good use is made of quirks of syntax.
Wiki software
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and designed to install and run with minimum effort on Jakarta Tomcat or some other Java application server. CitiWiki: Wiki of the next generation Swiki: Super-portable and easy to setup and use. InterWiki - http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?InterWiki MetaWiki PHP Wiki: PhpWiki is a WikiWikiWeb clone in PHP. A WikiWikiWeb is a site where anyone can edit the pages through an HTML form. All pages are stored in a DBMS and hyperlinking is dynamic. It's for collaboration, conversation and documentation all at once. Homepage Version: 1.3.4 (December 2002) Licence: GPL. JSP Wiki is based on JavaServer_Pages and available under the GNU Lesser General Public License at www.jspwiki.org. TipiWiki - http://tipiwiki.sourceforge.net small, simple, strict xhtml, standard-compliant, plain files TWiki: a JOS Wiki development for business intranets Download page Version: TWiki 01 Feb 2003. Licence: GPL
PmWiki
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is wiki software written by Patrick Michaud in the PHP programming language. It is designed to be extremely easy to install and to customize as an engine for creating professional web sites. A complete list of sites using PmWiki software is available from http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/PmWiki/PmWikiUsers . PmWiki is a trademark of Patrick Michaud. See also: Wiki, Wiki software, WikiWikiWeb External Links http://www.pmichaud.com/pmwiki - PmWiki home page. http://www.pmichaud.com/pub/pmwiki - PmWiki software download.
Rick Berman
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an independent producer. He worked on various projects, including What on Earth, an informational series for HBO, and The Primal Mind, a one-hour award-winning special for PBS. Berman joined Paramount in 1984 as director of current programming. He oversaw such popular shows as Cheers and MacGyver. Work in Star Trek In 1987, Berman was selected by Gene Roddenberry to help create Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG). After Roddenberry's death in 1991, Berman took over as executive producer of the show. Berman was the executive producer and co-creator of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, and Star Trek: Enterprise. He is also responsible for the production and story behind three successful TNG movies: Generations, First Contact, and Insurrection. Criticism by Trekkies Although Berman is blamed by many Trekkers for
Strategic enterprise management
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of help in the diagnosis of the potential of costs led by dysfunctions: identification and quantification of the inductors of costs on which the frame can act, evaluation of the indicators of piloting of the value, the development of the performance and the strategic watch. Three tables of seizure •Table of seizure of the data of analysis of the distances from earnings reports of the last 3 exercises; •Tables of calculation of the indicators of piloting of the value and the strategic watch: -Recording of the data of calculation of the margin on variable costs (MVC) and the added economic value (AEV); -Calculation of the value CSMVC (Contribution schedule to the margin on variable costs): the indicator of the construction of the profit, necessary for the operational piloting of the chain
Software patent
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of patents that should never have been issued can nevertheless impede innovation or cause others to pay unnecessary fees to avoid the cost of litigation. The term of patents (20 years in the US) is considered by many to be inappropriately long for software; software is quickly superseded and unable to be used long before hardware wears out. Software patents tend to be opposed by individual software developers, who view software patents as a risk to their livelihood: if enough patents are granted, they will not be able to practically develop software. Some large software companies also oppose patents, fearing that they will be sued for implementing obvious techniques, resulting in continuous payments to avoid court costs or steep fees for court battles. Well-known opponents of software patents include Richard Stallman
TLA
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JPEG to JPG, HTML to HTM). Many abbreviations come from the shortened names of Usenet groups. For example pra for pl.rec.anime. Common categories of TLAs: corporations: IBM, DEC countries: USA, GDR file types: PNG, GIF hardware: CPU, FPU, RAM, ROM licences: GPL, MPL operating systems: GNU, BSD, DOS other standards: UTC programming languages: PHP, SQL protocols: FTP, IRC software: GCC, Gtk time zones: GMT, UTC, DST sports: NFL, NBA, MLB politics: GOP government: DOD, DOE, HUD, IRS military: BFR, IRA A significant amount of TLAs comes from various codes: IATA airport codes: SFO, MSQ, NGO ISO 4217 currency codes: RUR, USD SIL codes for languages: ENG, FRN, SWD, BQT TLAs became common in the United States during the New Deal of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, including NRA for National Recovery Administration,
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