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Diesel engine
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fumes) can be mitigated with further investment and equipment. The addition of a turbocharger or supercharger to the engine greatly assists in increasing fuel economy and power output. The higher compression ratio allows a diesel engine to be more efficient than a comparable spark ignition engine, although the calorific value of the fuel is slightly lower at 45.3 megajoules/kilogram to gasoline at 45.8 megajoules/kilogram. The lack of an electrical ignition system greatly improves the reliability. Unfortunately due to the greater compression force required and the increased weight of the stronger components, starting a diesel engine is a harder task. More torque is required to push the engine through compression. Either an electrical starter or an air start system are used to start the engine turning. On large engines pre-lubrication and slow
USS West Virginia (BB-48)
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Thomas J. Senn in command. The most recent of the "super-dreadnoughts," West Virginia embodied the latest knowledge of naval architecture; the water-tight compartmentation of her hull and her armor protection marked an advance over the design of battleships built or on the drawing boards before the Battle of Jutland. In the months that followed, West Virginia ran her trials and shakedown and underwent post-commissioning alterations. After a brief period of work at the New York Navy Yard, the ship made the passage to Hampton Roads, although experiencing trouble with her steering gear while en route. Overhauling the troublesome gear thoroughly while in Hampton Roads, West Virginia put to sea on the morning of 16 June 1924. At 1010, while the battleship was steaming in the center of Lynnhaven Channel, the quartermaster
USS Alaska (CB-1)
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third USS Alaska (CB-1) was one of a class of two "large cruisers" in the United States Navy, a design with a main battery much heavier than than of normal heavy cruisers, but lighter and faster than a battleship. Often referred to as a battlecruiser. She was laid down on 17 December 1941 at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, launched on 15 August 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Ernest Gruening, wife of the Honorable Ernest Gruening, Governor of Alaska, and commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 17 June 1944, Captain Peter K. Fischler in command. Following post-commissioning fitting out at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Alaska stood down the Delaware River on 6 August 1944, bound for Hampton Roads, escorted by Simpson (DD-221) and Broome (DD-210). She then
Urban economics
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economic and political autonomy, hazards, principles arts economy - autonomous village - banking - biohazard response - bioterrorism - casino capitalism - choice of life - city - - consumerism - de-material world - ecological health - environmental health - flash mob - human development theory - land ethic - new materialism - peace economy - political economy - post-materialist society - productivism - quantitative development - respiratory health - rural - seven-generation sustainability - suburban - suburban colonization - terrorism - urban - urban debt - urban secession - urban sprawl - urbanization - value of life - value of Earth - war - wealth - welfare economics - zoning Urban and building infrastructure and navigation arcology - architecture - allotment (gardening) - autonomous building - bicycle-friendly - car-free zone
Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter In camera design, a focal plane shutter is so-called because it is right in front of the focal (film) plane of the camera. The main advantages of the focal plane shutter is that the interchangable lenses do not each need to have a central shutter built into them, and quite fast effective shutter speeds are possible. The most common type of focal plane shutter in 35mm cameras uses two shutter curtains that run horizontally across the film plane. For slower shutter speeds, the first curtain opens from (usually) right to left, and after the required time with the shutter open, the second curtain closes the aperture in the same direction. When the shutter is cocked again the shutter curtains are moved back to the original positions ready
Green Lantern
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career lasted throughout the 1940s, but his series was cancelled when superheroes fell into decline in the 1950s, and for a brief time before cancellation the character was reduced to the role of a sidekick to Streaky the Wonder Dog, a heroic canine cut from the mold of Rin-Tin-Tin and Lassie. The Alan Scott Green Lantern was later revived along with the rest of the JSA and his appearances have mostly been in association with that team ever since. Alan Scott is currently known under the name "Sentinel" and is a member of the current incarnation of the JSA. The Second Green Lantern The second Green Lantern was created in 1959, when editor Julius Schwartz presided over a re-creation of several of DC's superheroes, including The Flash, Hawkman, and Green Lantern.
Grenade
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early grenades. Grenadiers were originally a class of soldier specialized in throwing grenades. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Using grenades 2 Dirty tricks 3 Design and operation Using grenades A classic grenade has a handle and a removable pin that prevents the handle from coming off. After removing the pin and subsequently releasing the handle, the grenade will detonate in four seconds. When using a grenade, the objective is to have the grenade land with too little time for the enemy to throw it back. One grasps the grenade in the strong hand. The grasp should include the handle. Then one pulls the pin out of the grenade. Then one estimates the time of flight to the enemy, and subtracts it from four. Then one releases the handle, counts the time
Game Boy Advance
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software, effectively switching other parts of the ROM into the GBA's address space. Still, as of 2003, no published GBA titles have such bankswitching hardware because 32 MiB of ROM is still too expensive for the price point at which most GBA games are sold. The GBA also has a serial port for connecting to other GBA units in a setup similar to a token ring network over a bus physical topology. A GBA can also receive 256KB of bootstrap code through the port, even when no cartridge is present (sometimes known as multiboot or netboot). This is used for multiplayer GBA connections, where multiple GBAs can play with only one cartridge; one GBA with a cartridge sends boot code to the other cartridge-less GBAs. The serial port can (with a
Helicopter
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and angled in such a way that an area of lower air pressure is created above the wing, and this "sucks" the aircraft up: it generates lift. A helicopter uses exactly the same method, except that instead of moving the entire aircraft, only the wings themselves are moved. The helicopter's rotor can simply be regarded as rotating wings. The eight-bladed fenestron of the EC120B Eurocopter. For a picture of the complete helicopter click here Turning the rotor generates lift but it also applies a reverse force to the vehicle, that would spin the helicopter in the opposite direction to the rotor. The most common way to counteract this torque is to have a smaller vertical propeller mounted at the rear of the aircraft called a tail rotor. If the rotor is
Injection moulding
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or aluminum, and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection moulding is very widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest component to entire body panels of cars. Considerable thought is put into the design of moulded parts and their moulds, to ensure that the parts will not be trapped in the mould, that the moulds can be completely filled before the molten resin solidifies, and to minimize imperfections in the parts, which can occur due to peculiarities of the process. Moulds separate into at least two halves—called the core and the cavity—to permit the part to be extracted; in general the shape of a part must be such that it will not be locked into the mould. For example, sides of objects typically cannot
Vickers Valiant
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armament, to perform a nuclear strike on a target. After considering various specifications for such an advanced jet bomber in late 1946, in January 1947 the British Air Ministry issued an request for an advanced jet bomber that would be at least the equal of anything the US or the USSR had. The request went to most of England's major aircraft manufacturers. While the Short Brothers submitted a design that was judged too ambitious, the Air Staff accepted another submission from the company for a separate requirement, B.14/46, to provide a very conservative bomber design as "insurance" in case the advanced B.35/46 effort ran into trouble. The Shorts design was became the S.A.4 Sperrin. A prototype Sperrin was completed and flew in 1951, but it was basically a World War II
Jakob Nielsen
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Denmark) is a writer, speaker, and consultant on software and web-design usability. He earned a Ph.D. in user interface design and computer science from the Technical University of Denmark. Nielsen worked at Bellcore, IBM, and as a senior researcher at computer company Sun Microsystems. He subsequently co-founded usability consulting company Nielsen Norman Group with fellow usability expert Donald Norman. He is noted for his (often stern) criticisms of popular websites, pointing out how he feels many concentrate too heavily on gimmicky features such as animation, flash, and graphics at the expense of usability, particularly for disabled visitors. Nielsen writes a monthly newsletter on web design matters and has published several books on the subject of web design. His published books include: Designing Web Usability : The Practice of Simplicity (ISBN 156205810X)
Keyboard technology
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keyboards up into the PS/2 line were of this type, and considered to be among the best of breed, although some complained that they were "clackity." Hall effect keyboard Hall effect keyboards use magnets and "Hall Effect" sensors instead of an actual switch. When a key is depressed, it moves a magnet, which is detected by a solid-state Hall-Effect sensor. These keyboards are extremely reliable, able to accept millions of keystrokes before failing. They are used for ultra-high reliability applications, in locations like nuclear powerplants or aircraft cockpits. They are also sometimes used in industrial environments. These keyboards can be easily made totally waterproof. They also resist large amounts of dust and contaminants. Because a magnet and sensor is required for each key, as well as custom control electronics, they are
Flashlight
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the lightbulb for its protection. Although a relatively simple device, its invention did not occur until the late 19th century because it depended upon the earlier invention of the electric battery and electric light. The batteries in the first ones were of such short useful life that the common method of operating them was to flash them just long enough to discern the environs, and only as needed; hence the term "flash-light". Recently, flashlights which use LEDs instead of conventional lightbulbs have become available. LEDs are far more efficient than, and use less power than normal lightbulbs, and so torches which use them have longer battery lifetimes. Another innovation in flashlight design is the headlamp, a flashlight worn on the head for hands-free operation. Powerful headlamps mounted on helmets have been
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