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Leaf shutter
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The main advantages of the leaf shutter are: Relatively simple construction is possible. Many cheap versions have no requirement for a cocking mechanism or variable shutter speeds which further simplifies construction. Even in their more complex versions, they are less expensive to produce than a focal plane shutter Flash synchronization is possible at all speeds. Small size is achieved by placing the shutter at the focal convergent point either inside the lens or inside the camera body. Many versions have no connection between the cocking mechanism and the film advance mechanism, making multiple exposures possible. Some of the disadvantages of the leaf shutter are: Shutter speeds are limited to how fast the leaf blade can be made to move; normally 1/500th or 1/250th of a second. Some versions may have no
Motorola 68000
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comfortable with the 68000. With the exception of the split of general purpose registers into specialized data and address registers, the 68000 architechture is in many ways a 32-bit PDP-11. History Originally, the MC68000 was designed for use in household products (at least, that is what an internal memo from Motorola claimed). Luckily it was used for the design of homecomputers like the Amiga and Atari. It was also used in the Sega Genesis/MegaDrive, NeoGeo and several Arcade Machines as their main CPU. In the Sega Saturn, the 68000 was used as the sound processor, and in the Atari Jaguar they were used as a main controller for all the other dedicated hardware IC's. Notable design wins include the Amiga, the Apple Macintosh, and the original Sun Microsystems and SGI UNIX
Minolta
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relays aperture information to the camera body, and the motor for autofocus is in the camera body. An LCD display shows aperture, shutter speed and film frame count. The 7000 has TTL phase-detection focusing and metering, autoexposure and predictive autofocus. All Maxxum cameras use A-type bayonet mount lenses, and Minolta MC and MD lenses are incompatible. Mayer quotes the price of a Maxxum 7000 with an AF 50mm f/1.7 lens at US$508 in 1985. In 2004, camera dealers consider these cameras worthless, but private owners can attest that the cameras are still fully functional even without regular maintenance. The problem with them is finding certain accesories for them, such as flash (because Minolta changed the design of the flash hot shoe with the Maxxum i line in 1988). But the newer
Magellan probe
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away as 541 kilometers (336 miles). Magellan also circled Venus more quickly, completing an orbit once every 94 minutes. This new, more circularized orbit allowed Magellan to collect better gravity data in the higher northern and southern latitudes near Venus's poles. After the end of that fifth orbital cycle in April 1994, Magellan began a sixth and final orbital cycle, collecting more gravity data and conducting radar and radio science experiments. By the end of the mission, Magellan will have captured high-resolution gravity data for an estimated 95 percent of the planet's surface. In September 1994, Magellan's orbit was lowered once more in another test called a "windmill experiment." In this test, the spacecraft's solar panels were turned to a configuration resembling the blades of a windmill, and Magellan's orbit was
Mazda RX-8
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rotary engine, which won International Engine of the Year 2003. The engine redlines at 9000 rpm. One major change in design between the RX-8 and the RX-7 is the addition of a pair of rear-hinged ('suicide') half-doors (similar to the 3rd door in the Saturn coupe), which allow easier access to the two back seats. The RX-8 has no center pillars seperating the front and rear doors. The front doors are hinged at the front, and aluminum back doors are hinged at the rear. A safety lock mechanism allows the back doors to open only if the front doors are open. Weight distribution in the RX-8 is a balanced 50/50 in the front and rear. Mazda’s new rotary engine is smaller and lighter than prior rotaries, yet it yields more power.
M16
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manufactured by Colt and Fabrique Nationale; with variants produced by Heckler und Koch. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 2 United States Army Usage 3 Design 3.1 Variants 4 Maintenance 5 Vietnam Overview It was originally developed as the Armalite AR-15, in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Eugene Stoner of Armalite Systems, formerly of Costa Mesa, California. The AR-15 was initially adopted by the U.S. Special Forces, and later found favor with the general army. It was later produced by Colt, and other makers. The total quantity produced in all models world-wide has been about 7 million. It is one of a family of related weapons, including the AR-10, a relatively rare 7.62x51mm NATO rifle that recently returned to production, and a squad automatic weapon. United States Army Usage
Nuclear explosion
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1.5.7 Median Lethal Dose (LD50) 2 References 2.6 External Links Effects of a nuclear weapon The energy released from a nuclear weapon comes in four primary categories: Blast Thermal radiation Ionizing radiation Residual radiation (fallout) The amount of energy released in each form depends on the design of the weapon, and the environment in which it is detonated. The energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times as great per gram as that produced by a chemical explosive and the temperatures reached is tens of millions of degrees. The energy of a nuclear explosive is initially released in the form of gamma rays and neutrons. When there is a surrounding material such as air, rock, or water, this radition interacts with the surround material rapidly heating it to an
Programmable logic device
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gates whose outputs feed into a large OR gate that drives one output. By selecting which inputs drive each AND gate, and which AND gates drive the OR gate, any Boolean function can be created. It can be shown that any Boolean function can be reduced to a sum of products, and can therefore be created by a sufficiently large PAL. A PAL is programmed by fitting it into a machine called a PAL programmer. PAL programmers are usually general-purpose machines that can program all types of PLD from all manufacturers. A PAL may be programmed only once. The PAL programmer must be supplied with a description of the PAL's desired configuration. This is usually in the form of a computer text file with a standard format defined by the Joint
Planchet
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today, and the dies would have worn faster and broken sooner had the flan not been heated to a high temperature to soften it. Today's dies are made from hardened steel, and the presses use many thousands of pounds of pressure to strike coins (varying according to the size of the coin and the complexity and relief of the design). In addition, today's coins have much lower relief than ancient coins. Because of this, the planchet no longer needs to be heated immediately before striking, although it is annealed by heating and quick cooling which softens the coin. Preparation of the modern planchet involves several steps. First, the metal (or metals in the case of clad or multilayered coins) is rolled out into a large roll or sheet of the correct
PIC microcontroller
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poor I/O performance, and the 8-bit PIC was developed in 1975 to improve performance of the overall system by offloading I/O tasks from the CPU. The PIC used simple microcode stored in ROM to perform its tasks, and although the term wasn't used at the time, it is a RISC design that runs one instruction per cycle. In 1985 GI spun off their microelectronics division, and the new ownership cancelled almost everything — which by this time was mostly out-of-date. The PIC, however, was upgraded with EPROM to produce a programmable channel controller, and today a huge variety of PICs are available with various on-board peripherals (serial communication modules, UARTs, motor control kernels, etc.) and program memory from 512 words to 32kwords and more (a "word" is one assembly language instruction,
PHP programming language
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experienced developers to get involved with dynamic web content applications without having to learn a whole new set of functions and practices. One of the more attractive parts of PHP is that it is more than just a scripting language. Thanks to its modular design, PHP can also be used to develop GUI applications, and it can be used from the command line just like Perl or Python can be. PHP allows, among other things, easy interaction with a large number of relational database systems (Oracle, DB2, MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.), while maintaining a simple and straightforward syntax. PHP runs on every major operating systems, including Unix, Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X and can interact with all major web servers. The official PHP website contains extensive online documentation. The Linux, Apache,
PaRappa the Rapper
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classic 1980s game of Simon also known as Simon Says. Simon is a circular electronic game featuring four coloured quadrants. The game will flash quadrants in turn and expect you to repeat the sequence. If you get the sequence correct the game will respond with a longer sequence. PaRappa the Rapper demands that you not only get the sequence correct but also the TIMING. But instead of simply light-and-beeps that Simon has to offer, PaRappa the Rapper provides snatches of spoken vocals (raps) that are triggered when the appropriate buttons are pressed. Pressing the buttons in the correct order, with the correct timing, provides an intelligible imitation of rap - pressing the buttons in an incorrect order or with lousy timing rewards the player with nothing more than unintelligble garbage. Points
P-38 Lightning
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response to a 1937 United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) specification for a high-altitude interceptor, capable of 360 mi/h at an altitude of 20,000 feet (580 km/h at 6,100 meters. The Bell P-39 Airacobra and the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk were designed to meet the same request. At that time, really powerful piston engines that could push fighter performance to the limit were not available in the United States, and so the Lockheed design team, under the direction of Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, who would eventually design a string of famous aircraft up to the SR-71 Blackbird spy plane, decided to use two supercharged 12-cylinder Allison V-1710 engines. At the time, the Allison had not been rated at even 1,000 HP. Johnson's initial concepts for the new fighter covered a range of configurations,
Rick Dangerous
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the character in two platform games released by Core Design (the makers of Tomb Raider) in the 80s. He was a sort of superhero. In the first game, he was an Indiana Jones like character, while in the second one, he was more of a Flash Gordon. These are two of the best games avaiable for their systems - for example Amstrad Action gave Rick Dangerous 2 97%
Renesas Technology Corporation
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(55%) and Mitsubishi Electric Corp (45%), formed with the purpose of conducting development, design, manufacture, sales and servicing of system LSIs, including microcomputers/microcontrollers logic analog devices as well as discrete devices, and memory products, including flash memory SRAM
Syrian Air Force
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Lebanon in the early 1980's. The Syrian Air Force faired badly during this conflict, and lost over 80 planes while the Israeli Air Force lost none. Since then, the Syrian Air Force has continued to rebuild with Soviet equipment. However the full extent of this rebuilding is not known. Nor are the exact numbers of planes or what types of aircraft are in the Air Force. This is due to the amount of secrecy maintained by the Syrian government in regards to it's military. It is known though that the Syrians have procured MiG-29s and more recently some SU-27s which should give it's Air Force a great boost. Aircraft An-24 An-26 Il-76 MiG-21 MiG-23 MiG-25 MiG-29 Mi-8 Mi-24 Su-22 Su-24 Su-27 Tu-134 Yak-40 Markings The roundel used by the Syrian Air
Street Fighter
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with regard to the timing of attacks and blocks, which was unparalleled at the time; and due to its interesting (and subsequently widely copied) "combo" system in which experienced players could execute complex fighting moves by moving the joystick and tapping the buttons in certain combinations. These complicated fighting moves were given names, such as the Dragon Punch and the Flash Kick, which provided a framework for players to have conversations about their games. The game features eight fighters that players can choose from (Ryu, Ken, Blanka, Zangief, Dhalsim, Guile, E.Honda, and Chun Li), plus four "bosses" (Balrog, Vega, Sagat, and M.Bison). It was followed by a slew of other games of similar design, some by Capcom, some by other companies. One of the most well-known early competitors to SF II
Space Invaders
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have to dodge lest his cannon be destroyed. The player's cannon could be destroyed three times (the player had three "lives"), and the game would end after the player's last life was lost. Occasionally a "bonus" spaceship would fly across the top of the screen which the player could shoot for extra points. Video games had existed prior to Space Invaders, and the game Pong by Atari was already a few years old when this game was released. But Space Invaders captured the attention and imagination of the public in a manner paralleled by few games before or since. Its science fiction based action and futuristic setting appealed to a country in the midst of Star Wars mania. The game's design included a touch of horror, as it gave players the
Water purification
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such as reservoirs or rivers usually requires several phases of treatment. A municipal surface water treatment plant must first screen out large objects such as trash and leaves. Next, the raw water may be flash-mixed with various chemicals to alter its pH, encouraging the flocculation (clumping) and settling of smaller suspended solids. After an additional settling stage, the water can be forced through filter beds composed of sand, garnet, and anthracite to remove even smaller particles. The finished water is then disinfected with chlorine gas or chlorine compounds, ozone, or ultraviolet light, before it is pumped into the distribution system of water mains and storage tanks on its way to consumers. Some plants also pre-chlorinate their raw water influent after the screening phase. Water utilities may choose to further boost chlorine
Trust & Betrayal: The Legacy of Siboot
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had, which had to be euthanized due to an irreparable injury to his jaw. Crawford suffered much grief while contemplating that he was unable to talk to Bootsie in order to try to comfort him, before he had to be put down. One day while pondering this, Crawford had a flash of insight: his next game would be Talk to the Animals, which evolved into Trust & Betrayal. The original concept was very different from the final design, but the design still sprang from the designer's heart. The final design can be summarized thusly: The player, a creature named Vetvel, must compete with six other acolytes (each a different alien species) for the Shepherdship. Each of these characters a distict personality. Each morning, the acolytes wake up knowing one of each
XM-177
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into chamber), a 10 inch barrel, which has smaller round handguards and a unique "sound and flash" suppressor. This gun was given the US Army designation of XM-177E1. The US Air Force purchased the Colt Model 610, and designated it GAU-5/A. This differed only in not having the forward assist. After fielding it, improvements were suggested. Colt then produced and sold the Model 629, in which the barrel was lengthen to 11.5 inches and got a redesigned "flash and sound" suppressor (behind the new suppressor a washer was added to enable the user to fire rifle grenades). The US Army designated this weapon the XM-177E2. The US Air Force purchased the Colt model 630 (no forward assist) and it was classified GAU-5A/A. Soldiers and sailors called this the CAR-15 (which is
The Art of Noise
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sampler led to a flurry of releases of multiple versions of each major track across many different collectible formats. This was a very new practice at the time; a typical remix up until then consisted only of a relatively mild extension of the original track, perhaps with some added percussion and effects. The Art of Noise's remixes of themselves, though, were often very drastically different reworkings of the original takes, yet upon release were called "diversions" of the same track. This was done in part to exploit loopholes in the UK's system for charting singles. The best example of this is "Beat Box", which became a hit in its original release on the Into Battle EP, then again in 1984 in remixed form as the single "Beat Box (Diversion One)", backed
Cocos Island
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Belcher established an eastern magnetic declination of 8 degrees 23 minutes and 49 seconds on Cocos Island on April 3, 1836. The magnetic declination was 6 degrees 30 minutes at the end of 1894, according to Reginald McCartney Passmore, Informe sobre la Isla del Coco (1895), in Revista de Costa Rica, Year III, nov. 1921, page 79. He adds that there was some gold ore there, which information reminds us of Robinson's description of gold in a cave. (He had buried an old goat near the entrance of that beautiful grotto.) Friday had never seen snow in his life, and Robinson had never noticed snow, ice, hail or frost on his island. These would not be present on Cocos Island either. The maximum temperature there was 27.4 degrees Celsius and the
Charles de Gaulle International Airport
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in Valence. Also codeshared is Thalys International's service to Brussels's Midi Station. The other important airport in the Paris area is Orly Airport. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Terminals 2.1 Terminal 1 2.2 Terminal 2 2.3 Terminal 3 (T9) 3 External Links History After seven years of construction, CDG began service on March 8, 1974. Terminal one was built to an avange-garde design consisting of a ten-floor high circular building surrounded by seven satellite buildings each with four gates. In 1975, a DC-10 of Turkish Airlines crashed immediately after take off from Charles de Gaulle, killing all its passengers. On 19 September, 1989, UTA Flight 772 exploded over the Sahara Desert while on the second leg of the Brazzaville-Ndjamena-Paris route, killing all on board On 24 December, 1994, Air
B-47 Stratojet
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bomber was a major postwar innovation in combat jet design, and led to the development of modern jet airliners. While it never saw serious combat use, it was the mainstay of US strategic defense in the 1950s. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins 2 XB-47 / B-47A 3 B-47B 4 B-47E 5 RB-47E / RB-47H / ERB-47H / RB-47K 6 B-47 in service 7 Conversions and special modifications 8 COMMENTS, SOURCES, & REVISION HISTORY 9 References Origins USAF B-47E Stratojet. The B-47 arose from a 1943 USAAF requirement for a jet bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, which evolved into a formal request the next year. The request specified a speed of 500 mph (800 km/h) or more, a range of 3,500 mi (5,600 km), and a service ceiling of 40,000 ft (12,200
Analog to digital converter
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and then the original signal can be EXACTLY reproduced from the discrete-time values by an interpolation formula. The accuracy is however limited by quantization error. However this faithful reproduction is only possible if the sampling rate is higher than twice the highest frequency component present in the signal. This is essentially what is called Shannon's sampling theorem. Aliasing All ADCs work by sampling their input at discrete intervals of time. Their output is therefore an incomplete picture of the behaviour of the input. There is no way of knowing, by looking at the output, what the input was doing between one sampling instant and the next. If the input is known to be changing slowly compared to the sampling rate, then it can be assumed that the value of the signal
1968 in music
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January 4 - Guitarist Jimi Hendrix is jailed by Stockholm police, after trashing a hotel room during a drunken fist fight with bassist Noel Redding. January 6 - Gibson patents its "Flying V" electric guitar design January 21 - Simon and Garfunkel release album The Graduate Original Soundtrack January - The Beatles launch Apple Corps, Ltd, a disastrously mismanaged entertainment company that included a recording studio, a record label, and clothing store February 1 - Priscilla Presley gives birth to Elvis' only child, Lisa Marie at the Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. February 1 - Universal Studios offers the Doors $500,000 to star in a feature film. The film is never made. February 10 - The Beatles shut down "Beatles U.S.A.", their fan club and business office in the United
1981
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hosting the CBS Evening News Walter Cronkite signs off for the last time. March 19 - Three workers are killed and five injured during a test of the Space Shuttle Columbia. March 29 - First running of the London Marathon March 30 - President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C, hotel by John Hinckley, Jr, whose family had connections with the vice president. Two police officers and James Brady are also wounded. April 12 - The first launch of a Space Shuttle: Columbia launches on the STS-1 mission. May 6 - A jury of architects and sculptors unanimously selects Maya Ying Lin's design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial from 1,421 other entries. May 13 - Pope John Paul II is shot at and nearly killed by
Decorator pattern
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In computer programming, the decorator pattern is one of design patternss that is to attach additional logic to an existing object. When: Something about an object needs to change. Objects can have attributes that change something about them. Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality. The joy of patterns used stacking burger toppings as an example. It's a good example. Lets use taco toppings instead, so we aren't copying them too blatantly. Lets imagine that there is a taco concession in a mall. We won't call it a Mexican restaurant. That would be a stretch. Most of their tacos sit under a heat lamp, pre-made, waiting for someone to order the standard taco. A rash of bowel disrupting bacteria outbreaks brought suspicion on the heat lamps, so people
Digital artist
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include: illustrators graphic designers animators game designers the three core pieces of software to know are Photo Editingª, Digital Photography. Animator software also work in Flashª and Webpage Design. Depending on the company, digital artists can wear many different hats at once and contribute to five or six projects at one time. Most of their day is spent developing an interface for a project, drawing pictures, assembling the art, designing the layout of the art product. “The work atmosphere is mostly staring at a monitor, until midnight or 2 a.m., particularly when working on a deadline. You easily can put in a 12-hour day, and 10-hour days are the average. DA:JGA
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