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Kristen Nygaard
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(1926-2002), Norwegian mathematician, computer programming language pioneer and politician, was born on August 27, 1926, in Oslo, and died on Saturday August 10, 2002, after suffering a heart attack. Internationally he is acknowledged as the co-inventor of object-oriented programming and the programming language Simula with Ole-Johan Dahl in the 1960s. The computer systems that form the foundation of the modern information society are among the most complex things humans have created. Through his ground-breaking research Nygaard made it possible to manage that complexity. Nygaard got his master's degree in mathematics at the University of Oslo in 1956. His thesis on abstract probability theory was entitled "Theoretical Aspects of Monte Carlo Methods". Nygaard worked full time at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment from 1948 to 1960 - in computing and programming (1948-1954)
Integer BASIC programming language
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Integer BASIC programming language Integer BASIC was the BASIC interpreter that was included in the ROM of the Apple II computer when it was released in 1977, and as such was the first version of BASIC that was used by the first wave of home computer users and programmers. It was written by Steve Wozniak. Thousands of programs were written in Integer BASIC for commercial and private use. The most frequently cited flaw of Integer BASIC was, as one might expect from the name, that its variables were all integers and it was very difficult to write a program that could do calculations using floating point numbers. It was therefore very difficult to write financial or math programs. Apple Computer licensed a more full-featured version of BASIC from
Inform programming language
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Inform programming language Inform is a design system for interactive fiction (IF), created in 1993 by Graham Nelson. The Inform compiler generates files in Z-code (also called story files) from Inform sourcecode; a version also exists capable of generating files for the Glulx virtual machine. Although Inform and the Z-Machine were originally designed with the Interactive Fiction genre in mind, a large number of other programs have been developed, including a BASIC interpreter and a version of the game Snake. External Links Official web site: http://www.inform-fiction.org/ Most inform tools are available at http://www.ifarchive.org/ This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it.
Inductive logic programming
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Inductive logic programming Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a machine learning approach, which uses techniques of logic programming. From a database of facts and expected results, which are divided into positive and negative examples, an ILP system tries to derive a logic program that proves all the positive and none of the negative examples. Schema: positive examples + negative examples + background knowledge = rules. Inductive logic programming is particularly useful in natural language processing. Implementations Aleph ( http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/machlearn/Aleph ) Foil ( ftp://ftp.cs.su.oz.au/pub/foil6.sh ) Lime ( http://cs.anu.edu.au/people/Eric.McCreath/lime.html )
INTERCAL programming language
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INTERCAL programming language INTERCAL is a programming language parody. It is said by the authors to stand for "Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym". INTERCAL was perpetrated by Don Woods and James Lyons, two Princeton University students, in 1972 and is purposely different from all other computer languages in all ways but one; it is purely a written language, being totally unspeakable. An excerpt from the INTERCAL Reference Manual will make the style of the language clear: It is a well-known and oft-demonstrated fact that a person whose work is incomprehensible is held in high esteem. For example, if one were to state that the simplest way to store a value of 65536 in a 32-bit INTERCAL variable is: DO :1 <- #0$#256 any sensible programmer would
Icon programming language
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Icon programming language The Icon programming language is a high level language with goal directed execution features and good facilities for managing strings and structures; it has inherited properties from SNOBOL (a string processing language). The definitive work is The Icon Programming Language (third edition) by Griswold and Griswold, ISBN 1-57398-001-3. The programming language Unicon descended from Icon. External Links http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/index.htm
IBASIC programming language
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IBASIC programming language IBasic is a programming language, which is (or can be) designed to be both easy to learn, yet still provide the advanced features required by an experienced programmers. IBasic is available only for Microsoft Windows and is unique for the level of access it provides for the operating system. Features include: Integrated Development Environment Produces small, standalone executables Simple BASIC syntax similar to QBASIC's C style constants and structure support Easily create Windows and Dialogs Direct X support Access to any DLLs
Jython programming language
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Jython programming language Jython is a version of Python that's written in Java and that runs in the Java environment. Jython programs can seamlessly import and use any Java class. Except for some standard modules, Jython programs use Java classes instead of Python modules. For example, a user interface in Jython would be written with Swing or AWT, rather than with Tkinter. For more on Jython, go to http://www.jython.org/.
JOVIAL programming language
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JOVIAL programming language JOVIAL is a computer programming language similar to Algol, but specialized for the development of embedded systems. JOVIAL stands for "Jules Own Version of the International Algorithmic Language." It was developed to write software for the electronics of military aircraft. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the U.S. military adopted a standardized CPU, the 1750A, and JOVIAL normally produces programs for that processor. JOVIAL is MIL-STD-1589, and is still widely used to update and maintain software on older, obsolescent military vehicles and aircraft. There are three dialects in common use: J3, J3B-2, and J73. As of 2003, JOVIAL is still actively maintained and distributed by the USAF JOVIAL Integrated Tool Set (ITS) Program Office. The program office helps organizations reuse their old, reliable
Joy programming language
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Joy programming language Stub - please refine. Manfred von Thun of Latrobe University in Melbourne, Australia has produced and is refining a functional programming language called Joy based on composition of functions rather than lambda calculus. It has turned out to have many similarities to Forth, due less to design than to a sort of parallel evolution and convergence. For more comprehensive information, see http://www.latrobe.edu.au/philosophy/phimvt/joy.html and http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?JoyOfJoy
JOSS programming language
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JOSS programming language JOSS (The JOHNNIAC Open Shop System) was developed by J.C. (Cliff) Shaw at RAND Corporation to allows users to use a computer interactively. JOSS enabled up to twelve people to share the computer simultaneously. This made it one of the first time-sharing systems to become available. JOSS was still available for use during the first half of the 1970s on IBM System/360 systems.
Jess programming language
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Jess programming language Jess, an acronym for Java Expert System Shell, is a superset of CLIPS programming language, developed by Ernest Friedman-Hill of Sandia National Labs. It was first written in late 1995. It provides rule-based programming suitable for automating an expert system, and is often referred to as an expert system shell. In recent years, intelligent agent systems have also developed, which depend on a similar capability. Rather than a procedural paradigm, where a single program has a loop that is activated only one time, the declarative paradigm used by Jess matches a rule with a single fact specified as its input and processes that fact as its output. When the program is run, the rules engine will activate one for each matching fact. Jess can
Jackson Structured Programming
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Jackson Structured Programming Jackson Structured Programming or JSP is a method for structured programming based on correspondences between data structure and program structure. It was originally developed in the 1970s by IT consultant Michael A. Jackson in order to improve the general standard of COBOL programming, although it is just as applicable to C or to Lisp for that matter. Although it imposes a structure upon a program which improves its modifiability and maintainability, the structure is rather different from the type of structure advocated by Wirth, Dijkstra, et al. External Links: http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/jacksonma/ http://www.ida.his.se/ida/~henrike/JSP/
Java programming language
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Java programming language The Java language is an object-oriented programming language created by James Gosling and other engineers at Sun Microsystems. It was developed in 1991, as part of the Green Project, and officially announced on May 23, 1995, at SunWorld; being released in November. Gosling and friends initially designed Java, which was called Oak at first (in honour of a tree outside Gosling's office), to replace C++ (although the feature set better resembles that of Objective C). More on the history of Java can be found in the article about the Java platform, which includes the language, the Java virtual machine, and the Java API. Sun controls the Java specification and holds a trademark on the Java name. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 1.1 Object
J Sharp programming language
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J Sharp programming language The J# (pronounced Jay Sharp) programming language is a transitional language for programmers of Sun’s Java and Microsoft’s J++ languages, so they may use their existing knowledge, and applications on Microsoft’s .NET platform. As with J++, it only supports a limited set of Java’s features.
J programming language
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J programming language The J programming language, developed in the early 90's by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and FP, the functional programming language created by John Backus (of Fortran, Algol, and BNF fame). To avoid the problems faced by the special character set of APL, J requires only the basic ASCII character set, resorting to the use of dot and colon characters to extend the meaning of the basic characters available. J is a very terse and powerful language, and is often found to be useful for math programming, especially when performing operations on matrices. It also offers a flexible namespace scheme ("locales") which can be used as a framework for OOP. Since J has no explicit
Kvikkalkul programming language
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Kvikkalkul programming language Kvikkalkul is a computer programming language ostensibly developed by the Swedish Navy in the 1950s and used on the SABINA computer. It came to fame in 1994 when someone made an anonymous post to usenet regarding it. Probably not a real language, but a joke; like INTERCAL in that respect.
Kid programming language
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Kid programming language Kid is a kernel language for Id. A refinement of P-TAC, used as an intermediate language for Id. Lambda-calculus with first-class let-blocks and I-structures. Reference "A Syntactic Approach to Program Transformations", Z. Ariola et. al., SIGPLAN Notices 26(9):116-129 (Sept 1991). This article was originally based on content from FOLDOC, used with permission. Update as needed.
Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
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Inheritance (object-oriented programming) See inheritance (computer science)'' for other computing uses of inheritance. In object-oriented programming of computer science, an inheritance is a way to form new classeses or objectss using pre-defined objects or classes where new ones simply take over old ones's implemetions and characterstics. It is intended to help reuse of existing code with little or no modification. Complex inheritances may cause the Yo-yo problem. Applications of inheritance Specialization One common reason to use inheritance is to create specializations of existing classes or objects. This is often called subtyping when applied to classes. In specialization, the new class or object has data or behavior aspects which are not part of the inherited class. For example, a "Bank Account" class might have data for an "account number", "owner",
Imperative programming
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Imperative programming Written by Stan Seibert, Modifed by Wikipedia contributors, published by Wikimedia. In computer science, imperative programming, as opposed to declarative programming, is a programming style that describes computation in terms of a program state and statements that change the program state. In much the same way as the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take action, imperative programs are a sequence of commands for the computer to perform. The hardware implementation of almost all computers is imperative; nearly all computer hardware is designed to execute machine code, which is native to the computer, written in the imperative style. From this low-level perspective, the program state is defined by the contents of memory, and the statements are instructions in the native machine language of
Visual Basic for Applications programming language
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Visual Basic for Applications programming language Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft's Visual Basic which is built into all Microsoft Office applications, some other Microsoft applications such as Visio and is at least partially implemented in some other applications such as AutoCAD and WordPerfect. It supersedes and expands on the capabilities of earlier application-specific macro programming languages such as Word's WordBasic, and can be used to control almost all aspects of the host application, including manipulating user interface features such as menus and toolbars and working with custom user forms or dialog boxes. As its name suggests, VBA is closely related to Visual Basic, but can normally only run code from within a host application rather than as a standalone program. It can however be
Language families and languages
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languages Niger-Congo languages Nilo-Saharan languages Khoisan languages Families of Europe, and north, west, and south Asia Indo-European languages Caucasian languages Altaic languages Uralic languages Elamo-Dravidian languages Families of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific Sino-Tibetan languages Austroasiatic languages Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) languages Australian Aboriginal languages Papuan languages Families of the Americas Native American languages Tupi languages Eskimo-Aleut languages Proposed Language Super-Families Ural-Altaic Pontic Super-Families that would include Indo-European Eurasiatic Nostratian Nostratic Proto-World Creole languages, Pidgins, and Trade languages Chinook Jargon Hawai'ian Creole Haitian creole Tok Pisin Isolate languages Sign languages Other Natural Languages of Special Interest Endangered languages Extinct languages Languages Other than Natural Languages Besides the above languages that have arisen spontaneously out of the capablility for vo
Timeline of computing 1990-forward
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DOS. 1991 - August Linux is born with the following post to the Usenet Newsgroup comp.os.minix: Hello everybody out there using minix- I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. The post was by a Finnish college student, Linus Torvalds, and this hobby grew from these humble beginnings into one of the most widely used Unix-like operating systems in the world today. It now runs on many different types of computer, including the Sun SPARC and the Compaq Alpha, as well as many ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and Motorola 68000 based computers. In 1992, the GNU project (www.gnu.org) adopted the Linux kernel for use on GNU systems while they waited for the development of their own (Hurd) kernel to be
Church-Turing thesis
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carried out by a Turing machine. Any computer program in any of the conventional programming languages can be translated into a Turing machine, and any Turing machine can be translated into most programming languages, so the thesis is equivalent to saying that the conventional programming languages are sufficient to express any algorithm. The thesis, which is now generally assumed to be true, is also known as Church's thesis or Church's conjecture (named after Alonzo Church) and Turing's thesis (named after Alan Turing). The thesis might be rephrased as saying that the notion of effective or mechanical method in logic and mathematics is captured by Turing machines. It is generally assumed that such methods must satisfy the following requirements: The method consists of a finite set of simple and precise instructions that
ADO
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object for accessing data sources. It provides a layer between programming languages and databases, which allows a developer to write programs which access data, without knowing how the database is implemented. No knowledge of SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to execute arbitrary SQL commands. The disadvantage of this is that this introduces a dependency upon the database. It is positioned as a successor to Microsoft's earlier object layers for accessing data sources, including RDO (Remote Data Objects) and DAO (Data Access Objects). ADO consists of several top-level objects: Connection (represents the connection to the database) Recordset (represents a set of database records) Command (represents a SQL command) Record (represents a set of data, typically from a source other than a database)
Active Server Pages
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Server Pages Active Server Pages (ASP) is Microsoft's server-side technology for dynamically-generated web pages that is marketed as an adjunct to Internet Information Server (IIS). ASP has gone through four major iterations, ASP 1.0 (distributed with IIS 3.0), ASP 2.0 (distributed with IIS 4.0), ASP 3.0 (distributed with IIS 5.0) and ASP.NET (part of the Microsoft .NET platform). The pre-.NET versions are currently (2002) referred to as "classic" ASP. In the latest classic ASP, ASP 3.0, there are six built-in objectss that are available to the programmer, Application, ASPError, Request, Response, Server and Session. Each object corresponds to a group of frequently-used functionality useful for creating dynamic web pages. Pages can be generated by mixing server-side scripting code (including database access) with HTML and client-side code. For example: \r\n<%if x=1 then%>\r\n
UK Gold
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birthday) as a joint venture between Thames Television and the BBC to show their 'classic' archive programming (see: rerun). The channel's major drawbacks in its early years were the insensitive placement of commercial breaks in BBC shows, and the heavy-handed editing of BBC programmes to fit commercial timeslots. The channel joined Sky's basic subscription package in 1993. UK Gold's programming includes such viewer favourites as: Absolutely Fabulous Bergerac The Bill Blackadder Doctor Who EastEnders Last of the Summer Wine Only Fools and Horses The Vicar of Dibley UK Gold's success led to the creation of UKTV, still part-owned by the BBC, which operates several channels showing different types of archive programming. These include UK Horizons (documentaries), UK Style (home and lifestyle), UK Drama, and UK History, as well as the time-shifted
Hubbard Broadcasting Corporation
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a talk radio format, and KSTP FM broadcasts adult contemporary music. After the Federal Communications Commission relaxed rules about television station ownership, Hubbard bought a second television station in the Twin Cities. Originally affiliated with the Home Shopping Network when it started operations in 1994, KVBM channel 45 was bought by Hubbard and began broadcasting as KSTC in 2000. The station is nominally independent (not affiliated with any broadcast network), but it is often used by KSTP to broadcast ABC network programming when channel 5 is broadcasting coverage of local football games and other special shows. List of Hubbard Television Stations KSTP Channel 5 (digital channel 50) – St. Paul, Minnesota – Affiliated with ABC KTSC Channel 45 (digital 44) – St. Paul, Minnesota – Independent KSAX Channel 42 (digital 36)
Iterative and Incremental development
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development is a process. Iterative and Incremental development is a one of Extreme programming practices. The basic idea behind iterative enhancement is to develop a software system incrementally, allowing the developer to take advantage of what was being learned during the development of earlier, incremental, deliverable versions of the system. Learning comes from both the development and use of the system, where possible. Key steps in the process were to start with a simple implementation of a subset of the software requirements and iteratively enhance the evolving sequence of versions until the full system is implemented. At each iteration, design modifications are made along with addition new functional capabilities. The Procedure itself consists of the Initialization step, the Iteration step, and the Project Control List. The initialization step creates a base
Java Servlet
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be other data such as XML. Servlets are the Java counterpart to dynamic web content technologies such as CGI or ASP. However, unlike CGI, (but like PHP), it has the ability to maintain state after many server transactions. This is done with a combination of HTTP Cookies and session variables (via URL Rewriting). This programming API defines the expected interactions of a web container and a servlet. A web container is essentially the component of a web server that interacts with the servlets. The web container is responsible for mapping a URL to a particular servlet and ensuring that the URL requester has the correct access rights. A servlet is an object that receives requests and generates a response based on the request. The API defines HTTP subclasses of the generic
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