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Imperative programming
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Imperative programming Written by Stan Seibert, Modifed by Wikipedia contributors, published by Wikimedia. In computer science, imperative programming, as opposed to declarative programming, is a programming style that describes computation in terms of a program state and statements that change the program state. In much the same way as the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take action, imperative programs are a sequence of commands for the computer to perform. The hardware implementation of almost all computers is imperative; nearly all computer hardware is designed to execute machine code, which is native to the computer, written in the imperative style. From this low-level perspective, the program state is defined by the contents of memory, and the statements are instructions in the native machine language of
Icon programming language
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Icon programming language The Icon programming language is a high level language with goal directed execution features and good facilities for managing strings and structures; it has inherited properties from SNOBOL (a string processing language). The definitive work is The Icon Programming Language (third edition) by Griswold and Griswold, ISBN 1-57398-001-3. The programming language Unicon descended from Icon. External Links http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/index.htm
IBASIC programming language
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IBASIC programming language IBasic is a programming language, which is (or can be) designed to be both easy to learn, yet still provide the advanced features required by an experienced programmers. IBasic is available only for Microsoft Windows and is unique for the level of access it provides for the operating system. Features include: Integrated Development Environment Produces small, standalone executables Simple BASIC syntax similar to QBASIC's C style constants and structure support Easily create Windows and Dialogs Direct X support Access to any DLLs
Jython programming language
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Jython programming language Jython is a version of Python that's written in Java and that runs in the Java environment. Jython programs can seamlessly import and use any Java class. Except for some standard modules, Jython programs use Java classes instead of Python modules. For example, a user interface in Jython would be written with Swing or AWT, rather than with Tkinter. For more on Jython, go to http://www.jython.org/.
JOVIAL programming language
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JOVIAL programming language JOVIAL is a computer programming language similar to Algol, but specialized for the development of embedded systems. JOVIAL stands for "Jules Own Version of the International Algorithmic Language." It was developed to write software for the electronics of military aircraft. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the U.S. military adopted a standardized CPU, the 1750A, and JOVIAL normally produces programs for that processor. JOVIAL is MIL-STD-1589, and is still widely used to update and maintain software on older, obsolescent military vehicles and aircraft. There are three dialects in common use: J3, J3B-2, and J73. As of 2003, JOVIAL is still actively maintained and distributed by the USAF JOVIAL Integrated Tool Set (ITS) Program Office. The program office helps organizations reuse their old, reliable
Joy programming language
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Joy programming language Stub - please refine. Manfred von Thun of Latrobe University in Melbourne, Australia has produced and is refining a functional programming language called Joy based on composition of functions rather than lambda calculus. It has turned out to have many similarities to Forth, due less to design than to a sort of parallel evolution and convergence. For more comprehensive information, see http://www.latrobe.edu.au/philosophy/phimvt/joy.html and http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?JoyOfJoy
JOSS programming language
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JOSS programming language JOSS (The JOHNNIAC Open Shop System) was developed by J.C. (Cliff) Shaw at RAND Corporation to allows users to use a computer interactively. JOSS enabled up to twelve people to share the computer simultaneously. This made it one of the first time-sharing systems to become available. JOSS was still available for use during the first half of the 1970s on IBM System/360 systems.
Visual Basic for Applications programming language
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Visual Basic for Applications programming language Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft's Visual Basic which is built into all Microsoft Office applications, some other Microsoft applications such as Visio and is at least partially implemented in some other applications such as AutoCAD and WordPerfect. It supersedes and expands on the capabilities of earlier application-specific macro programming languages such as Word's WordBasic, and can be used to control almost all aspects of the host application, including manipulating user interface features such as menus and toolbars and working with custom user forms or dialog boxes. As its name suggests, VBA is closely related to Visual Basic, but can normally only run code from within a host application rather than as a standalone program. It can however be
Jess programming language
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Jess programming language Jess, an acronym for Java Expert System Shell, is a superset of CLIPS programming language, developed by Ernest Friedman-Hill of Sandia National Labs. It was first written in late 1995. It provides rule-based programming suitable for automating an expert system, and is often referred to as an expert system shell. In recent years, intelligent agent systems have also developed, which depend on a similar capability. Rather than a procedural paradigm, where a single program has a loop that is activated only one time, the declarative paradigm used by Jess matches a rule with a single fact specified as its input and processes that fact as its output. When the program is run, the rules engine will activate one for each matching fact. Jess can
Jackson Structured Programming
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Jackson Structured Programming Jackson Structured Programming or JSP is a method for structured programming based on correspondences between data structure and program structure. It was originally developed in the 1970s by IT consultant Michael A. Jackson in order to improve the general standard of COBOL programming, although it is just as applicable to C or to Lisp for that matter. Although it imposes a structure upon a program which improves its modifiability and maintainability, the structure is rather different from the type of structure advocated by Wirth, Dijkstra, et al. External Links: http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/jacksonma/ http://www.ida.his.se/ida/~henrike/JSP/
Java programming language
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Java programming language The Java language is an object-oriented programming language created by James Gosling and other engineers at Sun Microsystems. It was developed in 1991, as part of the Green Project, and officially announced on May 23, 1995, at SunWorld; being released in November. Gosling and friends initially designed Java, which was called Oak at first (in honour of a tree outside Gosling's office), to replace C++ (although the feature set better resembles that of Objective C). More on the history of Java can be found in the article about the Java platform, which includes the language, the Java virtual machine, and the Java API. Sun controls the Java specification and holds a trademark on the Java name. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 1.1 Object
JavaScript
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JavaScript JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language originally developed by Netscape Communications under the name LiveScript but then renamed to "JavaScript" and given a syntax closer to that of Sun Microsystems' Java language. JavaScript was later standardized by ECMA under the name ECMAScript. The current standard (as of December 1999) is ECMA-262 Edition 3, and corresponds to JavaScript 1.5. Microsoft calls their version JScript. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Java and JavaScript 2 Usage 3 Environment 4 Language elements 4.1 Variables 4.2 Data structures 4.3 Objects 4.4 Control structures 4.4.1 If ... else 4.4.2 While loop 4.4.3 Do ... while 4.4.4 For loop 4.4.5 For ... in loop 4.4.6 Switch expression 4.5 Functions 4.6 User interaction 4.7 Events 4.8 Error handling 5 Offspring 6
J Sharp programming language
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J Sharp programming language The J# (pronounced Jay Sharp) programming language is a transitional language for programmers of Sun’s Java and Microsoft’s J++ languages, so they may use their existing knowledge, and applications on Microsoft’s .NET platform. As with J++, it only supports a limited set of Java’s features.
J programming language
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J programming language The J programming language, developed in the early 90's by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and FP, the functional programming language created by John Backus (of Fortran, Algol, and BNF fame). To avoid the problems faced by the special character set of APL, J requires only the basic ASCII character set, resorting to the use of dot and colon characters to extend the meaning of the basic characters available. J is a very terse and powerful language, and is often found to be useful for math programming, especially when performing operations on matrices. It also offers a flexible namespace scheme ("locales") which can be used as a framework for OOP. Since J has no explicit
Kvikkalkul programming language
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Kvikkalkul programming language Kvikkalkul is a computer programming language ostensibly developed by the Swedish Navy in the 1950s and used on the SABINA computer. It came to fame in 1994 when someone made an anonymous post to usenet regarding it. Probably not a real language, but a joke; like INTERCAL in that respect.
Kid programming language
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Kid programming language Kid is a kernel language for Id. A refinement of P-TAC, used as an intermediate language for Id. Lambda-calculus with first-class let-blocks and I-structures. Reference "A Syntactic Approach to Program Transformations", Z. Ariola et. al., SIGPLAN Notices 26(9):116-129 (Sept 1991). This article was originally based on content from FOLDOC, used with permission. Update as needed.
Lotus Notes
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HTML conversion of all documents by the Domino HTTP task. Extremely robust security is built into the product via public key cryptography in client-server and server-server communication, and SSL 3.0 support on the web. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Programming 2 History 3 External Links 4 References Programming Lotus Notes databases are built using the Domino Designer client, which is available for Windows and Macintosh. A key feature of Notes is that many replicas of the same database can exist at the same time on different servers and clients, and the same storage architecture is used for both client and server replicas. The basic unit of storage in a database is known as a note. Every note has a Unid and a NoteId. The Unid uniquely identifies the note across all
List of Internet topics
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-- Everything2 -- Extended ASCII -- Extranet F Famous non-quotation -- Fan fiction -- FAQ -- Federal Standard 1037C -- fiber optic -- Fidonet -- File sharing -- File transfer protocol -- Finger -- Finger protocol -- Firewall -- Flaming -- Floppy disk -- Focus group -- Form -- Frame relay -- FTP G Gecko layout engine -- Geocaching -- GIMPS -- Glossary of telecommunication network terms -- GNU -- Gnutella -- Gopher protocol H Hacker ethic -- Hate sites -- HDLC -- Head end -- Hierarchical routing -- Hilary Rosen -- History of radio -- History of the Internet -- Home Internet Solution -- HomePNA -- Hop (telecommunications) -- HTML -- HTTP -- HTTPS -- Human-computer interaction I ICANN -- ICQ -- IEEE 802.11 -- IIRC -- IMAP -- IMAPS
List of computing topics
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please do update the page accordingly. At the end is a list of important computer people. See also List of programmers. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Symbols/Numbers 1.TR.6 -- 100BaseFX -- 100BaseTX -- 100BaseT -- 100BaseVG -- 100VG-AnyLAN -- 10base2 -- 10base5 -- 10baseT -- 120 reset -- 16-bit -- 16-bit application -- 16550 UART -- 1NF -- 1TBS -- 2.PAK -- 20-Gate programming language -- 20-GATE -- 28-bit -- 2B1D -- 2B1Q -- 2D -- 2NF -- 3-tier (computing) -- 32-bit application -- 32-bit -- 320xx microprocessor -- 320xx -- 386BSD -- 386SPART.PAR -- 3Com Corporation -- 3DO -- 3D -- 3GL -- 3NF -- 3Station -- 4.2BSD --
Timeline of computing 1990-forward
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commercial use" to the GNU General Public License on the 1st of February 1992. 1992 "Windows NT addresses 2 Gigabytes of RAM which is more than any application will ever need". Microsoft on the development of Windows NT. 1992 Introduction of CD-I launched by Phillips. 1992 - April Introduction of Windows 3.1 1992 - May Wolfenstein 3D released by Id Software Inc. 1992 - June Sound Blaster 16 ASP Introduced by Creative Labs. 1993 Commercial providers were allowed to sell internet connections to individuals. Its use exploded, especially with the new interface provided by the World-Wide Web (see 1989) and NCSA Mosaic. 1993 First web magazine, The Virtual Journal, is published but fails commercially. 1993 Doom was released by Id Software Inc. The PC began to be considered as a serious
Cross-platform
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Cross-platform A cross-platform is a programming language, software application or hardware device that works on more than one system platform (e.g. Unix, Windows, Macintosh). Examples of cross-platform languages are Java, JavaScript, HTML, Perl, Python, REALbasic_programming_language, and the Revolution_programming_language. There are also cross-platform extensions for many programming languages that enable programmers to compile/run the same source code with minimal fixes on different platforms. An example is wxWindows.
Computer camp
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it before, we were in uncharted territory," Zabinski said. But over the years with the incredible advances in computer technology, such as the Internet, computer camps have now become quite sophisticated. The primary focus of NCC is to teach computer programming and software applications including networking, web animation, Flash and graphics. An optional sports program is also available. Each week all levels of programming in Basic, C++, Java, Assembler, HTML, XML, Open GL and JavaScript are offered. Campers may attend one or multi-week sessions with a continuous curriculum that is age appropriate and suitable for beginners to super advanced. The coed campers, ages 8-18, enjoy small group instruction on state-of-the-art PC and Mac computers for ample 'hands-on'.
Closure (computer science)
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Closure (computer science) In programming languages, a closure is an abstraction representing a function, plus the lexical environment (see static scoping) in which the function was created. Closures are typically implemented with a special data structure that contains a pointer to the function code, plus a representation of the function's lexical environment (i.e., the set of available variables and their values) at the time when the closure was created. Closures typically appear in languages that allow functions to be "first-class" values --- in other words, such languages allow functions to be passed as arguments, returned from function calls, bound to variable names, etc., just like simpler types such as strings and integers. For example, in ML, the following code defines a function f that returns its argument plus 1:
Unix epoch
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January 1 1970, introduced by the Unix operating system, standardised in POSIX, and later adopted by the Java programming language and JavaScript. Because many computers today store the number of seconds as a 32-bit signed integer, the Unix epoch is often said to last 231 seconds, thus “ending†at 03:14:07 Tuesday, January 19, 2038 (UTC). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Storage formats for Unix times 2 Effects of the 2038 rollover 3 Leap seconds in the Unix epoch 4 Trivia Storage formats for Unix times In POSIX conforming systems, the type time_t is often used to represent times. It is an arithmetic type in the C programming language. There is no requirement that time_t be a 32-bit quantity (it could be a 64-bit integer or a floating point in double format),
Gecko layout engine
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as HTML 4.0, CSS 1/2, the W3C Document Object Model, XML 1.0, RDF, and JavaScript. Gecko is being developed at mozilla.org. Gecko has been known previously by the code names Raptor and NGLayout. NGLayout originally meant "Next Generation Layout", but later came to mean "Netscape Gecko Layout". Gecko offers a rich programming API that make it suitable for a wide variety of roles in Internet enabled applications, such as web browsers, content presentation and client / server. Primarily it is used for the Mozilla browser derivatives such as Netscape 6, but it is used elsewhere as well. Products that use Gecko for the entire user interface via XUL: Mozilla (Mozilla.org's own browser suite under the codename SeaMonkey) Netscape 6.0 and later versions Beonex Communicator IBM Web Browser for OS/2 Aphrodite Mozilla
VRML
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Internet when the user clicks on the specific graphical component. Animations, sounds, lighting, and other aspects of the virtual world can interact with the user or may be triggered by external events such as timers. A special Script Node allows to add program code (e.g., written in Java or JavaScript (ECMAScript)) to a VRML file. VRML files are commonly called worlds and have the .wrl extension (for example island.wrl). Although VRML worlds use a text format they may often be compressed using gzip so that they transfer over the internet more quickly. Most 3D modeling programs can save objects and scenes in VRML format. The Web3D Consortium has been formed to further the collective development of the format. The first version of VRML was specified in November 1994. This version was
Hello world program
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prints out "Hello, world!". It is used in many introductory tutorials for teaching a programming language and many students use it as their first programming experience in a language. A "hello world" program is typically one of the simpler programs possible in a computer language. Some are surprisingly complex, especially in some Graphical User Interface (GUI) contexts. Some others are surprisingly simple, especially those which heavily rely on a particular shell to perform the actual output. A "hello world" program can be a useful sanity test to make sure that a language's compiler, development environment, and run-time environment are correctly installed. Configuring a complete programming tool chain from scratch to the point where even trivial programs can be compiled and run may involve substantial amounts of work. For this reason, a
Interpreted language
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Interpreted language In computer programming, interpreted language is a vague term referring to languages, most implementations of which are interpreters. It is vague because any language can be compiled or interpreted; that is, for any language both a compiler and an interpreter can be written. This term has no meaning in computer science, which strictly distinguishes between languages and implementations. However, people often use it as a useful shortcut to signify languages that are traditionally interpreted, or for which no compilers are written. In the early days of computing, language design was heavily influenced by the decision to use compilation or interpretation as a mode of execution. For example, some compiled languages require that programs must explicitly state the data-type of a variable at the time it is declared
Java
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of the Republic of Georgia Java (coffee) - a variety of coffee plant which originated on the island Java programming language - named after the coffee JavaScript - A Java-like scripting language used in web pages. Java platform - based on the programming language Javanese language Java (board game) Java (chicken) - a breed of chicken See also Wiktionary:Java
List of programming languages
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List of programming languages A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 to 9 2.PAK A A+ A++ ABAP ABC programming language ABLE ABSET ABSYS Accent Acceptance, Test Or Launch Language ACS Ada ADL Alan Aleph Algol AmigaE APL AppleScript AREXX ARS++ AspectJ Assembly Atlas Autocode Autocoder AutoLISP AWK B B BASIC BCPL Befunge BETA Bigwig Bistro programming language BLISS Blue Bourne shell (sh) Bourne-Again shell (bash) Brainfuck BUGSYS BuildProfessional C C C++ C# Caché Basic Caché ObjectScript Caml Ceicil Cg CHILL Clarion Clipper Clos CLU CMS-2 Cold Fusion COBOL CobolScript Cocoa programming language COMAL Concurrent Clean CORAL66 Common Lisp CPL Curl D D dBASE II Delphi Dibol
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