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HTML scripting
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It defines how locally executable scripts may be used in a web-page. A particular client-side application, such a web browser, may support several script languages. Script code may be executed as the document loads or at a later event. Script code can be written directly in the HTML document inside: SCRIPT elements Intrinsic event attributes Script macros Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The SCRIPT element 2 Intrinsic event attributes 3 Script macros The SCRIPT element The SCRIPT element may occur zero or more times within the HEAD and BODY tag. Scripts within script elements are processed as the document loads. Intrinsic event attributes Events occur for different elements of a web-page: Documents (BODY and FRAMESET) Forms UI elements (Anchor, Control Element, Image) Script code may be associated with an event and
HTTP
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the primary method used to communicate information on the World Wide Web. The specification is currently maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). OSI model Application layer FTP SMTP HTTP ... Transport layer TCP UDP Network layer IP ICMP ARP Data link layer Ethernet Token Ring FDDI ... HTTP is a request/response protocol between clients and servers. An HTTP client, such as a web browser, initiates a request by connecting to (usually) TCP/IP port 80. The client then sends a request string, such as "GET / HTTP/1.1" (which would request the default page of that web server). The server would then respond with a file (or error message). The file sent by the server is preceded by an HTTP Header, which is a set of ASCII strings containing information about
HTML
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(HTML) is a markup language designed for creating web pages, that is, information presented on the World Wide Web. Defined as a simple "application" of SGML, which is used by organizations with complex publishing requirements, HTML is now an Internet standard maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The most recent version is HTML 4.01. HTML generally appears in text files stored on computers connected to the World Wide Web. These files contain information in plain text mixed with markup, that is, instructions for the program on how to display or process the text. Usually HTML is displayed by a web browser, but many email clients also allow sending and reading HTML e-mails. There are four kinds of markup elements in HTML: structural markup that describes the purpose of text
UCAS
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have to apply through UCAS. This applies to all categories of applicants - UK residents, residents of the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, European Union citizens and international applicants. They submit a single application and a limited list of universities of other higher education institutions where they would like to study. The application is then forwarded by UCAS to those institutions, who decide whether to make an offer of a place (which may be firm, or conditional on performance in examinations still to be taken) to the applicant. Final decisions are made, in general, in mid-August, when the results of the UK A-Level examinations become available. UCAS imposes a uniform and fairly rigid timetable on the undergraduate applications process, though the system is sophisticated and allows for many different routes.
History of the Internet
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a important tool in developing the Internet (being used for communication between the groups working on internetworking research). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Motivation for the Internet 2 Early Internet Work 3 Growth 4 Commercialization and Privatization 5 Early applications 6 Standards and Control 7 World Wide Web 8 External Link Motivation for the Internet The need for an internetwork appeared with ARPA's sponsorship, by Robert Kahn, of the development of a number of innovative networking technologies; in particular, the first packet radio networks (inspired by the ALOHA network), and a satellite packet communication program. Later, local area networks (LAN's) would also join the mix. Connecting these disparate networking technologies was not possible with the kind of protocols used on the ARPANET, which depended on the exact nature of the subnetwork.
VRML
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(3D) interactive vector graphics, designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind. It is a text file format where, e.g., vertices and edges for a 3D polygon can be specified along with the surface color, image-mapped textures, shininess, transparency, and so on. URLs can be associated with graphical components so that a browser might fetch a web-page or a new VRML file from the Internet when the user clicks on the specific graphical component. Animations, sounds, lighting, and other aspects of the virtual world can interact with the user or may be triggered by external events such as timers. A special Script Node allows to add program code (e.g., written in Java or JavaScript (ECMAScript)) to a VRML file. VRML files are commonly called worlds and have the .wrl extension
Vladimir Nabokov
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epic Eugene Onegin. That commentary ended with an appendix called Notes on Prosody which has developed a reputation of its own. This essay stemmed from his observation that while Pushkin's iambic tetrameters had been a part of Russian literature for a fairly short two centuries, they were clearly understood by the Russian prosodists. On the other hand, he viewed the much older English iambic tetrameters as muddled and poorly documented. In his own words: "I have been forced to invent a simple little terminology of my own, explain its application to English verse forms, and indulge in certain rather copious details of classification before even tackling the limited object of these notes to my translation of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin, an object that boils down to very little -- in comparison to
Hacker
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Hacker -- Computer Criminal The popular press has been known to use the terms "hacker" and occasionally "cracker" for someone who attempts to break into or otherwise subvert the security of a system or network. Both usages are annoying to many in the developer community who grew up with the primary meaning of "hacker" in the Guru sense, and who don't see the problem solved by the invention of new and nebulous words like "cracker" or "black hat". Instead, there has been a move to define terms when describing these people. What makes someone a "hacker", a "computer criminal", or just a regular computer user? Once these details are known, the proper word (or combination) can be accurately applied. While it will always be possible to use one's "hacker" skills in
ISO 8859-3
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Esperanto, though the introduction of ISO 8859-9 superseded it for Turkish. The encoding remains popular with users of Esperanto, though use is waning as application support for Unicode becomes more common. As with all varieties of ISO 8859, the lower 7 bits are equivalent to ASCII. ISO/IEC 8859-3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 xA xB xC xD xE xF 0x unused 1x 2x SP exclamation mark double quote # dollar sign % & ' ( ) * + comma - full stop / 3x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 colon semicolon < = > question mark 4x @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 5x P Q R S T U V
IPhoto
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IPhoto iPhoto is a software application made by Apple Computer for their Mac OS X operating system and iLife software suite. iPhoto is designed to help manage the digital photos of the user. iPhoto does not run in Mac OS 9, however. iPhoto aims to replace the photo shoebox, allowing users to organize, view and share their digital photos with friends and family at home and over the web. Photos can be organized into "albums" by the user, for easy referencing. The program has some basic editing capabilities including red eye reduction, brightness and contrast adjustments, cropping, resizing, and conversion to black and white, among others. iPhoto also allows users to select and organize photographs and pay Apple a fee to print them into a hardcover book. iPhoto conveniently
Visual IRC
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with the result that the program's behavior can be extended or changed without altering the source code. The first incarnation of Visual IRC was a 16-bit application for Windows 3.x. The second incarnation, referred to as Visual IRC '96 (also '97 and '98 as time went on), was a 32-bit application for Windows 9x/NT, featuring an incompatible scripting language, and (in later versions) voice chat and video conferencing. Development of the second incarnation slowed down, and by 2000, Visual IRC appeared to be dead. The original author MeGALiTH (Adrian Cable) passed the source code to a user, Mr2001 (Jesse McGrew), who had previously contributed some code, and who had secretly been developing a clone called Bisual IRC (BIRC). Rather than restarting development of the ViRC '98 code base, he merged some
Internet protocol suite
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problem. The OSI model, on the other hand, was a more theoretical approach, and was also produced at an earlier stage in the evolution of networks. Therefore, the OSI model is easier to understand, but the TCP/IP model is the one in actual use. It is helpful to have an understanding of the OSI model before learning TCP/IP, as the same principles apply, but are easier to understand in the OSI model. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Layers in the TCP/IP Stack 1.1 The Physical Layer 1.2 The Data-Link Layer 1.3 The Network Layer 1.4 The Transport Layer 1.5 The Application Layer 2 See Also: 3 Implementations 4 External Links Layers in the TCP/IP Stack There is some discussion about where the distinctions between layers are drawn. Since the TCP/IP and
Infinity
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numbers and infinite numbers of different sizes. Our intuition gained from finite sets breaks down when dealing with infinite sets. One example of this is Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel. An intriguing question is whether actual infinity exists in our physical universe: Are there infinitely many stars? Does the universe have infinite volume? Does space "go on forever"? This is an important open question of cosmology. Note that the question of being infinite is logically separate from the question of having boundaries. The two-dimensional surface of the Earth, for example, is finite, yet has no boundaries. By walking/sailing/driving straight long enough, you'll return to the exact spot you started from. The universe, at least in principle, might operate on a similar principle; if you fly your space ship straight ahead
IMS
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Function databases Full function, which is basically the same Data Language/1 (DL/I) databases as developed for Apollo. Full function databases can have primary and secondary indexes and are accessed using DL/I calls from your application program. Full function databases can have a variety of access methods, although Hierarchical Direct (HDAM) and Hierarchical Indexed Direct (HIDAM) prevail. The other formats are Simple Hierarchical Indexed Sequential (SHISAM), Hierarchical Sequential (HSAM) and Hierarchical Indexed Sequential (HISAM). Data in full function databases can be stored using VSAM (a native MVS access method) or Overflow Sequential (OSAM), an IMS specific access method that optimizes the channel program for IMS access. OSAM has the advantage that there is special handling in IMS for sequential access of OSAM databases (OSAM Sequential Buffering) which has a performance benefit. 2.
Immanuel Kant
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can know with certainty a great number of things about "the world as it appears to us": for example, that every event will be causally connected with others, that appearances in space and time will obey the laws of geometry and arithmetic, and so forth. Over the next twenty-odd years until his death in 1804 Kant's output was unceasing. His edifice of Critical Philosophy was completed with the Critique of Practical Reason, which dealt with morality (action) in the same way that the first Critique dealt with knowledge; and the Critique of Judgment, which dealt with the various uses of our mental powers that neither confer factual knowledge nor determine us to action: aesthetic judgment (of the beautiful and sublime) and teleological judgment (construing things as having "purposes"). As Kant understood
ICab
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ICab iCab is a web browser for the Macintosh by iCab Company. Three versions are currently supported: one for Macs running 68000-series processors; one for Macs running the old MacOS on Power PC processors (see List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU); and a Carbon application for Mac OS X. All of these are available for free download, and at a later date a non-free 'Pro' version is planned for release. The most individual feature of iCab is the iCab-Smiley. Depending on the validity of the HTML of the Website currently viewed, it will smile or look grim. iCab supports JavaScript, CSS and has sophisticated mechanism for filtering JavaScript, cookies and other content. It supports the display of Arabic websites on older Macs, and it is available in
Jeff Bezos
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for his science projects. The family moved to Miami, Florida, where Jeffrey attended high school. In high school, Jeffrey fell in love with computers and was valedictorian of his class. He entered Princeton University planning to study physics, but soon returned to his love of computers, and graduated with a degree in computer science and electrical engineering. After graduation, Jeff Bezos found employment on Wall Street, where computer science was increasingly in demand to study market trends. His went to work at Fitel, a start-up company that was building a network to conduct international trade. He stayed in the finance realm with Bankers Trust, rising to a Vice Presidency. At D. E. Shaw, a firm specializing in the application of computer science to the stock market, Bezos was hired as much
Virtual machine
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Specifically, the term virtual machine has several distinct meanings: Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definitions 1.1 Original Meaning 1.2 Application Virtual Machine 1.3 Operating System Virtual Machine 1.4 Parallel Virtual Machine 2 Techniques 2.5 Emulation of the underlying raw hardware 2.6 Emulation of a non-native system 3 A selection of virtual machines 4 See Also Definitions Original Meaning The original meaning of virtual machine is the creation of a number of different identical execution environments on a single computer, each of which exactly emulates the host computer. This provides each user with the illusion of having an entire computer, but one that is their "private" machine, isolated from other users, all on a single physical machine. Application Virtual Machine The second, and now more common, meaning of virtual machine is a
Jakarta Tomcat
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an implementation of the Servlet and the JavaServer Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems. Tomcat runs with any web server that supports servlets and JSPs. Tomcat comes with the Jasper compiler that compiles JSPs into servlets. Tomcat servlet engine on Apache webserver is an often used combination. Tomcat is also an independent web server in itself and is used in development environments where there are no requirements for speed and transaction handling. Since Tomcat is written in Java, it runs on any operating system that has a JVM. Tomcat is being developed and maintained by members of the Apache Software Foundation and independent volunteers. The source code and binary form of Tomcat is free under the Apache Software Licence. Tomcat 4.x is the latest production quality release, and it implements the
Java Servlet
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allows a software developer to add dynamic content to a web server using the Java platform. The generated content is commonly HTML, but may be other data such as XML. Servlets are the Java counterpart to dynamic web content technologies such as CGI or ASP. However, unlike CGI, (but like PHP), it has the ability to maintain state after many server transactions. This is done with a combination of HTTP Cookies and session variables (via URL Rewriting). This programming API defines the expected interactions of a web container and a servlet. A web container is essentially the component of a web server that interacts with the servlets. The web container is responsible for mapping a URL to a particular servlet and ensuring that the URL requester has the correct access rights.
Kudzu
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40 inches (100 cm) or more. The spread of kudzu in the U.S. is currently limited to vegetative expansion by runners and rhizomes and by vines that root at the nodes to form new plants. Kudzu also spreads somewhat through seeds, which are contained in pods, and which mature in the fall. However, only one or two viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods and these hard-coated seeds may not germinate for several years. For successful long term control of kudzu, the extensive root system must be destroyed. Any remaining root crowns can lead to reinfestation of an area. Mechanical methods involve cutting vines just above ground level and destroying all cut material. Close mowing every month for two growing seasons or repeated cultivation may be effective. Cut kudzu can
Karelia Software, LLC
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is a software company with a headquarters in Alameda, California that claims to pioneer the desktop web application market. The company derives its name from the Karelia Suite of classical music by Jean Sibelius. The name can also refer to Karelia, a historical province in eastern Finland. The company makes two applications that both run only in the Mac OS: Watson TuneFinder X - Another company has not finished porting this to Microsoft Windows as of 2003.
Vector graphics editor
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in one of many popular vector graphics formats such as .CDR, PDF, WMF or SVG. The main difference between this sort of application and those used in Computer Assisted Drafting is that the drawings produced by a vector graphics editor are mostly decorative and are neither intended to represent a real-world structure nor to act as the blueprint for one. Computationally speaking, however, the two processes are closely related. Well-known vector graphics editors Adobe Illustrator, the de facto standard CorelDraw Macromedia FreeHand OpenOffice.org Draw {SVG output/ no SVG input yet} Free W3C Amaya can create and edit SVG graphics and include them in Web pages. Sodipodi, free software included in Gnome Office too. Inkscape Xfig Sketch The drawing tools that come with Microsoft Word can be used as a very simple
Karelia (disambiguation)
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- a Finno-Ugric language Karelia Suite of classical music by Jean Sibelius Karelia Software, LLC - software company with a headquarters in Alameda, California, that claims to pioneer the desktop web application market. This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.
Mosaic web browser
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Mosaic web browser Mosaic is a web browser (client) for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). Mosaic was described as "the killer application of the 1990s" because it was the first program to provide a slick multimedia graphical user interface to the Internet's burgeoning wealth of distributed information services (formerly mostly limited to FTP, Usenet and Gopher) at a time when access to the Internet was expanding rapidly outside its previous domain of academia and large industrial research institutions. NCSA Mosaic was originally designed and programmed for the X Window System by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina at NCSA. Version 1.0 was released on April 22, 1993, followed by two maintenance releases during summer 1993. Version 2.0 was released in December
Wireless application protocol
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Wireless application protocol Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an open international standard for applications that use wireless communication, for example Internet access from a mobile phone. The official body developing WAP is the WAP Forum. WAP was intended as a mobile replacement for the World Wide Web. However, its idiosyncratic protocols cut users off from the true HTML / HTTP Web, leaving only native WAP content and Web-to-WAP proxy content available to WAP users. WAP was hyped at the time of its introduction, leading users to expect WAP to have the performance of the Web. One telco's advertising showed a cartoon WAP user "surfing" through a Neuromancer-like "information space". In terms of speed, ease of use, appearance and interoperability, the reality fell far short of expectations. This
Common Application
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Common Application The Common Application program, administered by the National Association of Secondary School Principals (National Association of Secondary School Principals, n.d.), is an effort to develop a standard application form for admission to colleges and universities in the United States. Institutions that accept the form do so by choice, and they are required—or at least advised—to give equal consideration to applicants using the form, as they do to applicants who use a proprietary form. As of 27 December 2003, the Common Application web site states there are 241 colleges and universities participating in the program. References National Association of Secondary School Principals. (n.d.). Common Application. Retrieved December 27, 2003 from http://www.commonapp.org/
Application server
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Application server An application server is a server computer in a computer network dedicated for running certain software applications. In the latter part of the 1990s, it was thought that a massive shift over to centrally served applications was likely, and that the desktop PC would be replaced by lightweight network computers. This was, in fact, a return to the much older model of computing as it was done in the 1960s, with a large, very expensive central computer being accessed by multiple users using dumb terminals. The difference now was the widespread use of the GUI. Certain products, such as Citrix's WinFrame, became quite popular, allowing standard Windows software to be run on a NT server, and accessed from a wide variety of clients, including
Application
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Application A computer application (or sometimes app for short) is a computer program, or collection of programs, designed to provide some functionality to the end user. Typical examples of such programs are word processors, spreadsheets, accounting programs and media players. Multiple applications bundled together are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office, which bundles together a word processor, spreadsheet and several other applications, is a typical example. The term application can be used to distinguish this type of program from the other main grouping of software called system software which is software concerned with managing or utilizing aspects of the computer system itself such as operating systems, device drivers, and compilers. See also: Web application, Database applications simple:Application
Application-level interaction
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Application-level interaction Most modern computer applications, particularly commercial packages, allow some sort of Application-level interaction. This is an interface (usually called an API) that allows other computer applications to use the facilities of the first application, thus minimising development time and stopping duplication of effort. This concept allows the development of small, specialist systems, each of which providing a particular set of facilities, and which can then be linked together to form much more sophisticated computer systems. The latest iteration of this concept is being heavily marketed as Web Services.
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